AP Notes Mastery Test 4 (Grade 8)

1. Roaring Twenties (1920s) – “Fake Good Times” Economic Growth Decade of economic prosperity and growth in North America and Europe Rapid industrial production and consumer goods New technology spread: Cars Electricity Household appliances Construction and industries expanded quickly Consumer Culture People began: Buying the same products Listening to same music Doing same dances Mass media (radio, movies) spread popular culture Buying on Credit Many people bought goods with borrowed money Called installment buying Made life seem wealthier than it actually was Hidden Economic Problems Low wages for many workers Farmers struggled with slow agricultural growth Many investors bought stocks using borrowed money Global Situation Germany and France were still economically weak after WWI Countries struggled with: rebuilding economies maintaining peace Role of the United States Became the main lender to other countries Emerged as the world’s economic power 2. Causes of the Great Depression Overproduction Factories and farms produced more goods than people could buy Unequal Distribution of Wealth Wealth was concentrated among rich individuals Most people could not afford products Installment Buying People purchased goods using credit Created large personal debt Stock Market Speculation Investors bought stocks with borrowed money Stock prices rose artificially Bank Failures Banks invested heavily in stocks When the market crashed, banks collapsed 3. Stock Market Crash of 1929 Stock market peaked in August 1929 Investors began selling overpriced stocks Banks demanded repayment of loans Panic selling caused the market to collapse Results Millions lost money Many investors fell into debt 4. Effects of the Great Depression Economic Effects Trade declined Industrial production dropped Businesses closed Massive unemployment Social Effects Families lost savings Many became homeless People lost faith in democracy Daily Life Children forced to work Families lived in Hoovervilles (cardboard shantytowns) 5. Weimar Republic (Germany 1919–1933) Government Democratic government formed after WWI Named after the city Weimar Economic Problems Hyperinflation Great Depression Massive unemployment (about 30% ) Social Effects People lost life savings Fear and instability in society 6. Hyperinflation in Germany Government printed too much money Prices rose extremely fast Money lost its value Example: People needed wheelbarrows of money to buy food. 7. Dawes Plan Purpose: Help Germany recover economically Key Points U.S. loans helped rebuild German economy Germany paid smaller reparations Helped stabilize European economies 8. Fascism and Mussolini (Italy) Totalitarianism Government that controls every aspect of life political economic social personal freedoms Italy After WWI Won the war but felt cheated Did not receive promised land Faced economic problems and unemployment Rise of Fascism Beliefs: Nation is more important than individuals Strong dictatorship Extreme nationalism Opposition to communism 9. Benito Mussolini Founder of the Fascist Party Became Prime Minister in 1922 Blackshirts Fascist paramilitary group Used violence and intimidation Attacked political opponents March on Rome (1922) Fascists marched to Rome demanding power King appointed Mussolini Prime Minister Beginning of Fascist dictatorship 10. Mussolini’s Dictatorship Government Control Destroyed democratic institutions Created a police state Secret Police OVRA monitored citizens Opposition Political enemies arrested or killed Prisons built on remote islands 11. Fascist Society Education Promoted loyalty to Fascism Boys trained for military Girls trained to become wives and mothers Women Encouraged to have many children Large families received tax benefits 12. Mussolini’s Economic Policies Goal: Economic independence (Autarky) Programs: Battle of Grain – increase wheat production Battle of Lira – strengthen currency Battle of Lands – reclaim farmland However: Italy still depended on agriculture Limited economic growth 13. Russia Before Communism Problems of Imperial Russia Military defeats Poverty among workers and peasants Weak leadership of Tsar Nicholas II Abdication Tsar Nicholas II stepped down Two groups tried to rule: Provisional Government Soviets (workers and soldiers) 14. Vladimir Lenin Leader of the Bolsheviks (Communists) Actions: Overthrew provisional government Established communist rule Executed the Tsar and his family 15. Russian Civil War Two sides: Reds ? Bolsheviks Whites ? anti-communists Result: Bolsheviks won Created the USSR 16. Stalin’s Rise to Power Became General Secretary Removed rivals (especially Trotsky ) Goals: Make USSR a powerful socialist state 17. Stalin’s Policies Great Purge / Great Terror Arrests, executions, and labor camps Millions killed or imprisoned Gulag System of harsh labor camps Collectivization Private farms taken by government Peasants forced to work on large state farms Five-Year Plans Rapid industrialization Focus on heavy industry 18. Militarist Japan Nationalism Japan wanted to: Become powerful like Western countries Gain resources and markets Expand territory Militarism Military dominated government Citizens taught loyalty to the emperor 19. Japanese Expansion Japan expanded through wars: First Sino-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War Annexation of Korea Japan became a major world power 20. Japanese Atrocities in China Invasion of Manchuria Resource-rich industrial region Nanjing Massacre 100,000–200,000 civilians killed Mass violence and destruction 21. Nazi Germany Germany After WWI Treaty of Versailles punishment Economic crisis High unemployment 22. Adolf Hitler Leader of the Nazi Party Charismatic speaker Became Chancellor of Germany Nazi Ideology Extreme nationalism Racism Belief in Aryan master race Anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews) 23. Hitler’s Rise to Dictatorship Reichstag Fire Used as excuse to remove civil liberties Enabling Act Allowed Hitler to rule without parliament Established dictatorship 24. Anti-Jewish Policies Nuremberg Laws Removed citizenship from Jews Defined racial identity Kristallnacht (1938) Synagogues destroyed Jewish businesses vandalized Thousands arrested 25. The Holocaust Nazi plan called the Final Solution Jews sent to concentration and death camps Millions murdered Other victims: Roma Disabled people Political opponents 26. World War II (Major Events) Invasion of Poland (1939) Germany used Blitzkrieg Poland quickly defeated Battle of France (1940) Germany defeated France rapidly Battle of Britain Air battle between RAF and Luftwaffe Britain successfully defended itself 27. Pearl Harbor (1941) Japan attacked U.S. naval base in Hawaii. Results: 2,000+ Americans killed U.S. entered WWII 28. D-Day (1944) Allied invasion of Normandy, France Began liberation of Western Europe 29. Atomic Bombs (1945) United States dropped bombs on: Hiroshima Nagasaki Result: Japan surrendered WWII ended 30. Effects of WWII Economic Cities destroyed Widespread starvation Political United States and USSR became superpowers Creation of the United Nations Goals: Maintain peace Protect human rights Promote cooperation 31. Cold War Definition Political and ideological conflict between: United States (Capitalism) Soviet Union (Communism) Characteristics No direct fighting between superpowers Nuclear arms race Proxy wars 32. Capitalism Ideas by Adam Smith Key Features Private ownership Competition Profit motive Advantages Freedom Opportunity for wealth Disadvantages Large gap between rich and poor No safety net 33. Communism Ideas by Karl Marx Key Features Collective ownership Planned economy Government control of resources Advantages Basic needs provided Equality Disadvantages Lack of personal freedom No reward for hard work 34. Cold War Conflicts Korean War Korea divided at 38th parallel North Korea (communist) vs South Korea (capitalist) War ended in armistice Vietnam War North Vietnam (communist) vs South Vietnam + U.S. Huge casualties Vietnam unified under communism 35. End of the Cold War Key Events 1989 – Berlin Wall falls Communist governments collapse Soviet Union eventually dissolves Great Depression Roaring Twenties (Fake Good Times) NORTH AMERICAN & EUROPE • a decade of economic growth and widespread prosperity • rapid growth of consumer goods • cars and electricity became common • a boom in technology and construction • people often bought things on credit (borrowed money) GERMANY & FRANCE • were close to economic collapse. Problems After WWI Countries struggled with: maintaining peace and security recovering from the war damage Consumer Culture People across the country: bought the same products listened to the same music did the same dances But problems still existed: - High Inflation rates and high unemployment - industries and businesses were still recovering from WWI Role of the United States • became the main lender to many countries ? US = lender country, economic power • hid the real problems and economic weaknesses in their economy. Economic Weakness: • low wages for workers • slow agricultural growth • people bought stocks using borrowed money • Increased value of company stocks = large profits; value of stocks decreased ? requires to invest more money Economic Freedom • business and corporations often lent and borrowed money freely • this lack of control increased financial risks. Causes of Great Depression Overproduction ? farmers & factories produced more goods than people could buy. Unequal distribution of wealth ? rich people had most of the money Installment buying ? people bought goods on credit Bank Failures US Stock Market Crash of 1929 The Stock Market Crash of 1929 • the stock market grew rapidly and peaked in August 1929 • banks demanded borrowers repay loans. • investors began selling overpriced stocks • many investors who once profited, lost money and fell into debt Effects of the Great Depression • Trade was slowing • Industrial production decreased • Unemployment was rising • People lost hope in democracy Daily Lives during the Great Depression • Children were forced to work • Many families became homeless ? lived in small villages made of cardboard boxes and crates called “hoovervilles” The Weimar Republic: 1919-1933 • Germany’s government • named after the city of Weimar Economic Problems Hyperinflation Great Depression About 5.5 million people (30% of workers) were unemployed. Societal Effects Families lost their life savings People felt fear & insecurity Hyperinflation in Germany • the government printed too much money to pay workers • this caused extremely high prices The Dawes Plan Purpose: Help Germany recover Goal: loans from U.S. critical to saving damaged European economies • Germany forced to pay war reparations • France occupied German industries to collect payments • allowed Germany to pay smaller, more manageable payments Totalitarianism • a form of government • controls political, economical, social, social and personal lives of its citizens Italy After WWI • Victorious after WWI • remained a constitutional monarchy Problems after the war: • suffered economic and social problems after the war • Italians felt cheated by their allies because they did not receive all the land promised to them. Political Situation: - Democratic with large political parties: Socialists The Party of Mussolini The Catholic People’s Party. fear of Bolshevism (communism from Russia) helped fascists gain support Fascism • the nation is more important than individuals • supports a dictatorship and strong control over society and economy. Beginning of Italian Fascism Fascist groups • became active with conflicts between landowners and peasants • agricultural trade unions were intense. Facism • grew into a mass movement • entered Parliament. Fascist squads • sided with landowners and the middle class • using violence and intimidation: burning offices Attacking opponents Killing union leaders Benito Mussolini • founded the Nationalist Fascist Party • warned that Fascists would take power by force, if they were not given it. Blackshirts • a formidable force • loyal to mussolini • extremely nationalist and anti communist • often fought with communist and radicals • the government allowed them to operate because it feared communism & radicalism The March on Rome (1922) • Mussolini’s followers marched to Rome •They demanded the Prime Minister resign • the King of Italy appointed Mussolini as Prime Minister This marked the start of fascist control. League of nations • tried to stop Italy from taking an island • had no power to force Italy to give up its claim • Mussolini kept the island and continued to build military power. Mussolini’s Dictatorship • critics accused him of: corruption Intimidation of political opponents In response: he declared a dictatorial government. IL DUCE: The leader • Mussolini established himself = the Supreme leader • implemented policies which destroyed the democratic government • created a police state under the control of Fascists Dealing with Oppostion Methods used by the fascist government: Fasci di Combattimento or Blackshirts ? attacked enemies Political enemies ? killed or arrested Prisons ? were built on remote islands OVRA ? a secret police that monitored citizens Fascist: Ideology Main Belief • Individuals must obey the fascist state in order to be truly free Fascist Italy: Education • used to support Fascism • young boys ? trained for military service • young girls ? trained to become mothers and wives Fascist Italy: Women • encouraged to marry and have many children • large families got tax benefits • Mussolini wanted 60 million people, but Italy only got to 37 million. Fascist Italy: Economy • he wanted economic independence (autarky) However: • Italy still heavily relied on agriculture • economic growth was limited Mussolini Economic Programs Battle of Grain • increase in wheat production • reduce Italy’s dependence on foreign imports Battle of Lira • strengthen the Italian currency (Lira) • raised interest rate and reduced wages Battle of Lands • reclaimed marshlands and unused lands for agriculture • built new roads and settlements Mussolini and the Roman Catholic Church • clerical fascism = a type of fascism that combines religion & politics • thanks to dictatorship, the Church was powerful Actions influenced by the Church: Promotion of marriage and baptisms Girls trained as mother Wine shops closed Later Issue: • The Pope protested Mussolini’s racial laws (Charter of Race) because they discriminated against Jews. Russia before the Rise of Communism Collapse of Imperial Russia Military Failure • lost badly in the Russo-Japanese War and WWI. Social Unrest • peasants and workers were poor and grew tired of the nobility’s wealth • middle-class Liberals and Social Revolutionaries opposed the Tsar Weak Leadership • Tsar Nicholas II was seen as a weak leader, and was forced to abdicate (step down) The Effects of Abdication = Abdication is when a leader quits their job, immediately passing their power and title to the next person in line. Two groups tried to control Russia: • Provisional Government = military & middle class • Soviets = radical workers & soldiers Lenin • believed the new government was weak • incapable of bringing communism to Russia • leader of the Bolsheviks (Social Democrats or Communists) How did Lenin impose the communist control in Russia? • concentrate in improving and modernizing Russia. • abolished Constituent Assembly • Tsar Nicholas II and his family were executed Civil war happened between: Whites (Provincial Government) Reds (Bolsheviks) Cheka • created by Lenin • a secret police Goal • to protect the communist revolution and stop enemies ? to suppress the ongoing civil war and conflicts. Vladimir Lenin • became the highest head of Soviet government ( Chairman of the Council of the People’s Commissars • promoted the “Dictatorship of the proletariat” Dictatorship of the Proletariat • rule by the working class • control over state power Creation of the USSR • Russia and other republics came together • they formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Lenin’s achievements • successfully established communism in Russia • defeated all of his opponents and established a strong communist government Death of Lenin • he did not choose a clear successor ? causing power struggle Who will win? Joseph Stalin • general Secretary of the Communist Party Leon Trotsky • had the power to remove enemies and gain supporters • head of the Russian Army • expected to succeed Lenin. • forced Trotsky out of power Joseph Stalin’s Rule • popular among his comrades • institutionalized purges and utilized propaganda. Goals: • turn Russia into a modern and powerful socialist; SOCIALISM Great Terror or Great Purge • Stalin conducted a policy of purges • millions were arrested, executed or sent to labour camps. Gulag • a system of harsh labor camps for prisoners • If you weren't executed, you were sent to these brutal labor camps. Collectivization • private farms from peasants were taken by the government • farmers worked on large state farms (kolkhozy) The government has control on: production the prices of agricultural products migration of farmers to other areas. Five Year Plan - Forced: rapid industrialization collectivizing agriculture development of heavy industries - opened huge new industrial centers in uninhabited areas rich in natural resources Propaganda; Stalin • his face was everywhere • was shown as a god-like hero, while people lived in fear. • wanted to make the people aware that he was playing in every aspect of life – work, home and leisure. Result: Millions of people suffered through purges, execution, persecution, and forced labor under Stalin’s rule. Militarist Japan Origins of Japanese Nationalism and Imperialism Growing nationalism ? Japan wanted to: • become a powerful country like Western nations • secure market and raw materials • lead Asia (ASIA FOR ASIANS) • increase national security • Many people supported expansion Imperialism Policy • took over other Asian territories ? to achieve nationalist goals Militarism ? The Military: • became very powerful in government • needed to take action, expand and make political decisions • taught absolute loyalty to the Emperor, even if it meant dying Japan’s Rise to Power Before World War II ? Japan expanded and won several wars: First Sino Japanese War Russo- Japanese War Annexation of Korea ? These victories made Japan a major world power. Japan in WWI • fought as an ally of Britain • gained some territories in Asia. • received less land and recognition than expected ? resentment toward Western powers. Japan After WWI • experienced political instability • frequent changes in leadership • assassinations of politicians. ? This shows the growing power of the military over civilian government Japan and the League of Nations • As Japan expanded aggressively in Asia ? criticized by Western powers. • In 1933, Japan left the League of Nations • They later joined Nazi Germany and Italy, forming the Axis Powers. Japanese Expansion in China • Japan showed its military strength in China • they invaded parts of China to gain resources and territory Japan invaded and occupied Manchuria, China. ? • a colony in Northeastern China • was an industrial area • known for its rich minerals and coal reserves. The Nanjing Massacre: Japan’s Atrocities in China • Nanjing was China’s capital city at that time. • China’s army withdrew, leaving the city unprotected The Japanese army: invaded Nanjing and engaged in a campaign of mass killing. killed about 100,000- 200,00 civilians and soldiers for 2 months. Actions of the Japanese: killed suspected Chinese soldiers sexual assault of thousands of women looted the city burned down many buildings massacred families living outside the Safety Zone Their brutal slogan was: BURN ALL, KILL ALL, LOOT ALL. Japanese Occupation of the Philippines After the Attack on Pearl Harbor: Japanese naval and air forces launched surprise attacks across Southeast Asia, including the Philippines. The Philippines experienced severe brutality under Japanese rule. Nazi Germany Germany after WWI : • Germany faced serious problems after its humiliating defeat in WWI: Harsh conditions from the Treaty of Versailles Economic Crisis High unemployment Diminished standing of Germany in the global Community Adolf Hitler • aspiring painter and WWI Soldier • a powerful & charismatic public speaker • helped create the Nazi Party in 1919 • became its leader 2 years later Early attempt to take power failed: • Hitler tried to overthrow the government • He was was imprisoned for 5 years for high treason NOTE: Nazi Party = National Socialist German Workers’ Party Goals: • wanted to unite all German people • were considered to be destined to dominate Europe Main ideas of Nazism: 1. Extreme nationalism 2. The Germans belonged to a “master race” or the Aryan race. 3. People who were not part of the Aryan race were considered “inferior” Nazism • also known as national socialism • following Hitler’s ideology which was combined racism and extreme nationalism Mein Kampf or “My struggles” • While in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf This book explained his ideas: Racism Extreme Nationalism Hatred of Jews, communists, democracy, and the Treaty of Versailles ? These ideas later became Nazi idealogy. Hitler Comes to Power • became the Chancellor of Germany (head government) • The Reichstag (German Parliament) building burned down. Hitler used this event to: Declared martial law Begin a campaign of repression against German Jews. Enabling Act • as chancellor, he addressed the first session of the Reichstag • most political parties except the Socialist & Communist passed the “Enabling Act” • allowed Hitler to rule by emergency decree, without parliament ? This gave him dictatorial power. Terror Begins The Nazis began arresting: Communists Socialists Political opponents of the Nazis • storm trooper guards arrested members of the German Communist Party in a basement jail of the SA barracks in Berlin. Anti- Semitism in Nazi Germany Note: Anti- Sentism = hatred of Jews • Hitler did not invent the hatred of Jews • Jews faced discrimination in Europe since the Middle Ages, often for religious reasons • Hitler blamed Jews for everything that was wrong with the world He claimed: • the Jews were after world dominance • they would not hesitate to use capitalism • Germany was weak and in decline due to the 'Jewish influence' “stab-in-the-back legend” Some German Nationalist believed that : Germany did not truly lose WWI The country was betrayed by the Jews, Social Democrats and Communists Nuremberg Race Laws • An instructional chart These Laws: Defined who was with pure “German”, “mixed blood”, or Jewish Took away rights and citizenship from Jews. The Nazi ideal: Nordic type, displaying blond hair, blue eyes, and tall stature. Kristallnacht “Night of Broken Glass”- 1938 • The Nazi regime started planned attacks and violence against the Jews across Germany. Events of the Kristallnacht Within 48 hours: synagogues were vandalized and burned 7,500 Jewish businesses were damaged or destroyed 96 Jews were killed Nearly 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps Enemies of the Nazi State • Besides Jews, the Nazis persecuted: Roma (Gypsies) Poles People with disabilities Political opponents Take Note: Gypsies or Roma • persons with mental and physical disabilities, The Holocaust (Final Solution) The Nazis planned to eliminate the Jewish population Many Jews were sent to killing centers Most were killed in as chambers usually within hours of arrival The Nazis also: Confiscated personal belongings of the Jews Used or sold them Nazi Medical Experiment Nazi doctors performed cruel experiments on prisoners such as: Testing diseases and were used as human experiments Performing surgery without anesthesia Dissected victims’ brains while they were still alive • The Nazis recruited the help of physicians, medically trained geneticists, psychiatrists, and anthropologists to create/develop racial health policies. Events of World War II The Players of WWII Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan Allied Powers: United States, France, Great Britain, Soviet Union, Canada Major Events of WWII Battle of Poland (1939) • Hitler ordered his generals to finalize “Case White, ” ? Case White = invasion of Poland • His goal was to expand Germany’s territory and secure food supply • This was a war not only of conquest but also annihilation • Germany used blitzkrieg (lightning war) • Poland was quickly defeated Battle of France (1940) • Britain & France declared war on Germany after Poland was invaded • At first there was little fighting, called the “Phoney War” • Germany invaded France and defeated them quickly. • British and French troops were trapped at Dunkirk but many escaped. • Paris was declared an open city to avoid destruction. Battle of Britain (1940) • Air war between: Britain’s Royal Air Force (RAF) Luftwaffe (Germany’s air force) • was the first battle fought solely in the air • Britain won and Hitler was defeated. The Enigma Code • Britain had a hard time cracking the code. • Deciphering it allowed Britain to see German tactics. • Alan Turing cracked the code, that made Britain’s win possible Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943) • one of the largest and bloodiest battles in modern warfare • fought between Germany (Hitler) and Soviet Union (Stalin) • German Army (Wehrmacht) had already lost 2 million men on the eastern front. Stalingrad • important • Industrial center in Russia • produced artillery for the country’s troops Pearl Harbor • Japan surprise attacked the US naval base in Hawaii on Dec 7, 1941 • About: 20 American ships were destroyed 300+ airplanes destroyed Drydocks and airfields were destroyed. 2,000+ died Result: The US enters WWII United States Enters WWII • FDR (Roosevelt) and Churchill created the Atlantic Charter • which aimed for: No territorial expansion Self-determination for countries Destruction of Nazism Created an international organization for world peace Result: This turned the "European war" into a global fight for human rights and democracy. 8) Internment of Japanese Americans • Executive Order 9066 Issued by President FDR Forced over 120,000 Japanese Americans into camps • This was considered a major violation of civil rights • There was no evidence of disloyalty among these Japanese- Americans 9) Bataan Death March (1942) • Japanese army forced 76,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war to march long distances • Prisoner had little food, water, or medical care Result: Thousands of prisoners died. 10) D-Day Operation or Operation Overload (1944) Goal: liberate Europe from Nazi control. • Allied forces invaded Normandy, France • Germany was controlling France and most of Western Europe, making it very hard for the Allies to launch attacks. • Germany’s last major attempt to stop the Allies’ progress in the West. • The Allies eventually pushed Germany back. • Soon after, Germany surrendered. • one of the brutal chapters of WWII in the Pacific • Japanese forces killed thousands of Filipino civilians during the Battle of Manila • often described as the “Stalingrad of Asia” or the “Rape of Manila” 13) Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki • The US dropped atomic bombs on: Hiroshima (Aug 6, 1945) Nagasaki (Aug 9, 1945) Result: Japan surrendered shortly after, ending WWII Impacts of WWI What happened to the Dictators of WWII? Adolf Hitler Mussolini • captured by communist fighters • committed suicide via gunshot in April 1945 in a bunker in Berlin when Germany was about to lose the war. • executed on 28 April 1945. Hirohito, Japanese Emperor • gave up his status as a divine ruler Stalin • became more powerful after WWII • The Soviet Union gained control • signed a new constitution over many Eastern European created by the US. countries. Economic Impact Effects of War • widespread starvation, disease and destruction • many cities and economies were destroyed Soviet Expansion • the Soviet Red Army occupied Eastern European countries while pushing the Nazis back • communist governments were established in these countries ? Clash of Systems: Capitalism vs. Communism Destruction in Japan • Hiroshima was heavily destroyed by the atomic bomb • rebuilding was slow due to the lack of materials & equipment Casualties in the Philippines • many people suffered greatly during the Japanese occupation Ex: A Filipino survivor of the Japanese Occupation in the Philippines, shows where a Japanese officer tried to behead him. Death Toll • Military deaths: 57,000 •Total Civilian and Military deaths: 500,000-1,000,000 Political Impact Cold War • conflict between Democracy vs. Communism Rise of the US • became a global superpower • established military bases in allied countries Creations of the United Nations (UN) • formed to prevent future global conflict United Nation’s Goals maintain peace & security develop relations among nations achieve cooperation in solving problems promoting respect for human rights Yalta Conference PEOPLE INCLUDED: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin • met to discuss plans for the post war-world Divide Berlin • Germany was divided into four military occupation zones ? US, USSR, Britain, France Nuremberg War Trial 22 Nazis on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Results: 12 sentenced to death, Goering kills himself escapes hanging. “I was just following orders. Tokyo Trials 28 Japanese military and civilian leaders were tried for war crimes Results: 7 were executed others received prison sentences Social Impact Changes in Society • women gained more work opportunities and a more equal role in society • especially white women Americanisation • spread of American culture, trends, and influence worldwide Continuing Problems • racism still existed even after the war ended Acknowledge the Participation of POC (People of Color) AFRICAN AMERICANS • led the Double V Campaign • victory against fascism abroad • victory against racism at home • over 1 million served in the military JAPANESE AMERICANS, MEXICAN AMERICANS, AND NATIVE AMERICANS • over 500,000 served in the military Intro to Cold War Economic System ( like rules of the game) • a system a country uses to produce goods, provide services and use resources • decides who owns businesses and how money is distributed • 2 major economic systems: Communism and Capitalism. Capitalism • individual/ private ownership and competition • people and businesses own property and earn profit Belief : When everyone is selfish and concerned with personal profit, everyone will benefit. Wealth of Nations • written by Adam Smith = “the” capitalist: • felt capitalism was good for society He believed that: • Capitalism = THE BEST ECONOMIC SYSTEM • We naturally think about ourselves first (self-interest). • If everyone works hard to earn money and improve their own life, then society will still get what it needs (goods, jobs, services). Pros of Capitalism Cons of Capitalism • freedom, choice • no “safety net” ? you can work wherever, buy whatever, and do whatever you want ? if you fail, you fail. ? the government will not save you • If you are successful, you can be very successful • If you are unsuccessful, you can be very unsuccessful. • “survival of the fittest” only the strong/ fit survive in capitalism • Big gap between rich/poor Communism • based on collective ownership • they have a planned economy ? government controls resources and economy Everyone: • shares their money, property, and work so everything can be divided equally • receives the same amount, no matter how much or how little they work. Karl Marx • believed capitalism was a bad system that makes ordinary people feel separated, powerless and treated unfairly. The Communist Manifesto with Engels • written by Karl Marx – about class struggle, problems of capitalism Pros of Communism Cons of Communism • security, basic needs met • lack of choice ? everyone would have a job, house, health, care, etc. ? no survival of the fittest idea • people are treated equally in the eyes of the government regardless of education, financial standing, etc. • no reward for being a better worker, slackers get no punishment ? lack of consequences • everyone expected to be the same • economic boundaries don’t separate or categorize people, which can help mitigate crime and violence. ? lack of focus on individual growth The Cold War • US and the Soviet Union’s competition for political domination/ world influence • Battle of ideologies: Communist VS Capitalists • Created anti-communist fears • ??Brought both superpowers close to nuclear war or disaster Causes of the Cold War Long Term Causes of the Cold War Short Term Causes of the Cold War • Disagreements over Germany’s future • Idealogy: capitalism vs communism • Spread of communism in Eastern Europe • tensions between WW2 over western involvement in the Russian Civil War, Appeasement, and NaziSoviet Pact of 1939 • US use of the Atomic Bomb • Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan Means of Control: New alliances 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1954: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) 1955: Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) 1955: Warsaw Pact Means of Control: Economic Aid USA Soviet Union • Truman doctrine • Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) • Marshall plan ? economic aid for Eastern Bloc countries ? aid to rebuild Europe • Dollar Imperialism • “The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want.” - Harry S. Truman, March ? spreading influence through money 3, 1947 (ahead of the Marshall Plan) Truman Doctrine • US President Truman announced a policy of containment to stop communism from spreading • accused soviets of supporting dictators and harming the global economy • pledged aid to governments threatened by communism. Added Pressure: Political Divide in Germany • divided into four zones after WWII • (France, Britain, USA) merged. • Federal Republic of Germany ? (West) • German Democratic Republic ? ( East) Berlin Wall • built by the East German government ? separating East and West Berlin • to stop (east) refugees from moving to the west Issues of the Cold War Space Race USSR US • Sputnik • First man in the moon (Neil Armstrong) • First man in space for 11 mins • atomic bomb • hydrogen bomb Valentina Tereshkova • first woman to travel to space on June 16, 1963 • she orbited (went around) the Earth in a Vostok 6 mission. The Spacecraft she used = Vostok 6 The Arms Race • US and USSR both spent billions and billions of dollars trying to build up huge amounts of nuclear weapons. • USSR spent around 27% of its total gross national product on the military near the end of the Cold War. • Military spending hurt the Soviet economy and helped end the Cold War. The Cuban missile crisis • Nikita Khrushchev criticized US military bases around the USSR • Tense standoff between US and USSR What triggers the Cold War? • The USSR placed missiles in Cuba in case US attacks • Soviet’s missiles had to be removed from Cuba Holodomor extreme experience by Ukrainians lands were taken quota for farming increases Results of Proxy Wars: Inequality and Issues of Democracy in SEA Korean War • After WWII, neither the US nor the USSR wanted to give up their influence in Korea • Korea was split into two at the 38th Parallel ? North Korea: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ? South Korea: Republic of Korea. • North Korea invaded South Korea by crossing the 38th Parallel, which surprised the USA. • The US and UN members supported South Korea ? The USSR President was absent. • Truman said that US air and sea forces would be given to Korean government troops for cover and support. • An armistice agreement ended fighting but no peace treaty • Korea remained divided. • North Korea = strict communist rule, dictatorship • South Korea = Republic of Korea Vietnam War • Vietnam was divided: ? North Vietnam (communist, led by Ho Chi Minh) ? South Vietnam (non-communist, supported by the U.S.) • After WWII, North Vietnam & Viet Cong (communist guerrillas) vs. South Vietnam & U.S. • Communists went to the jungle because they rejected city life. Agent Orange • starved communist so they wouldn’t live in the jungles Birth defects Cancer Neurological disorders Environmental destruction Water contamination 3. Khmer Rouge • was a radical communist group that controlled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 • they took power through a guerilla war and were part of the Communist Party of Kampuchea ? power = from winning guerilla war Pol Pot • wrote the Sayings of Angkar • created a communist ideology • wanted Cambodia to be a peasant or pure farming society, removing modern life and its “corruption” ? He wanted to remove every single western influence Who were the Khmer Rouge? Many were young, rural, poor, uneducated. Some believed in the KR’s revolutionary ideas Some joined willingly; others were forced to join Atrocities of the Khmer Rouge • He hit children who took a bite of food, to punish and control them. • Made people go on trees and beat them. • Babies were hung upside down and hit against the wall. • Anyone who had mixed ethnicities and was an ally of the US would be killed. Outcome of Khmer Rouge • poor management of the country’s economy: ? food and medicine shortages ? leading to disease and starvation • Religious and ethnic minorities were persecuted. ? people who follow certain religions and belonged to certain ethnic groups were harmed, discriminated, and killed • Anyone considered an intellectual was targeted for special treatment. ? people who were educated were punished, forced to work, or killed. • 1.5 ~3 million people died under Khmer Rouge End of the Cold War • 1968- nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) ?US and USSR leaders agreed to limit and reduce their nuclear weapons • 1989- Berlin wall fell ? East and West Berlin were no longer separated • 1990- Germany reunified ? East and West became one again. 1991, The Dissolution of the USSR and the birth of Russia Soviet economy: • was struggling due to high military spending, weak economy, and lack of consumer goods. Soviet republics (e.g., Ukraine, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Georgia): • started demanding independence. Soviet Leader: • Gorbachev resigned as Soviet leader on December 25, 1991, as the USSR collapsed Soviet Independence: • Russia became an independent country under Boris Yeltsin. Soviet Flag • was replaced by the Russian flag Ending: • The Cold War ended, and the US became the sole superpower. The Five Communist Countries of the World Cuba - Republic of Cuba, est 1961 North Korea - Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, est 1948 Vietnam- Socialist Republic of Vietnam, est. 1976 China- People’s Republic of China, est. 1949 Laos- Lao People’s Democratic Republic, est 1975