MC 1 Endocrine System

University:
College
Course:
Medical Laboratory Science
Academic year:

2025
Views:

189

Pages:

10
Author:

JP Cua

MC 1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 ACTION POTENTIAL DEPOLARIZATION (THRESHOLD): A STIMULUS CAUSES THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL TO BECOME LESS NEGATIVE, REACHING THE THRESHOLD POTENTIAL. THIS TRIGGERS THE OPENING OF VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS, ALLOWING A RAPID INFLUX OF POSITIVE SODIUM IONS INTO THE CELL. REPOLARIZATION: AT THE PEAK OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL, SODIUM CHANNELS CLOSE, AND VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNELS OPEN. THIS ALLOWS POSITIVE POTASSIUM IONS TO FLOW OUT OF THE CELL, MC 1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2 RETURNING THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL TO A NEGATIVE STATE. METABOLIC / ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS OVERVIEW OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HYPOTHALAMUS THE MASTER CONTROLLER OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PITUITARY GLAND ● ANTERIOR: VIA BLOOD VESSELS ● POSTERIOR: VIA NERVES ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND ● THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE THYROID STIMULATING HORMONES THYROID GLANDS: T3 TRIIODOTHYRONINE T4 THYROXINE CALCITONIN ● CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE ADRENAL GLANDS:CORTISOL, ALDOSTERONE; ANDROGENS ● GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE WITH HORMONE, ● PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE → PROLACTIN ● GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE GONADS: LUTEINIZING HORMONES(LH); FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONES(FSH) MC 1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY THYROID ● T3 TRIIODOTHYRONINE(MOST ACTIVE) ● T4 THYROXINE(TURNS INTO T3) CALCITONIN THYROID FUNCTIONS METABOLISM DEVELOPMENT RELEASE OF CATECHOLAMINE (NEUROTRANSMITTER) ADRENAL GLANDS ● CORTEX: CORTISOL-INCREASES BLOOD GLUCOSE; SUPPRESSES IMMUNE SYSTEM, STIMULATES FIGHT OR FLIGHT ● ALDOSTERONE - INCREASES REABSORPTION OF SODIUM(SALT) INCREASE BP AND BLOOD VOLUME(BV) ● MEDULLA: NORADRENALINE AND ADRENALINE GROWTH HORMONE ● INCREASE GROWTH ● INCREASE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS PROLACTIN ● MILK PRODUCTION OVARIES ● LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH): STIMULATES OVULATION AND PROGESTERONE ● FSH: STIMULATES FOLLICLE MATURATION ● ESTROGEN. OVERALL: UTERINE TESTES ● LH-STIMULATES LEYDIG CELL:PRODUCES TESTOSTERONE ● FSH-STIMULATES SERTOLI:PRODUCE ANDROGEN BINDING PROTEIN ● COMBINED: SPERM POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND ● OXYTOCIN:UTERINE CONTRACTION AND MILK EJECTION ● ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE(ADH) AKA VASOPRESSIN-RELEASED DURING DEHYDRATION;STOPS URINATION KIDNEYS ● RENIN:INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE AND BLOOD VOLUME ● ERYTHROPOIETIN: INCREASES RBC PRODUCTION PANCREAS 3 ● BOTH AN ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE(PRODUCES CHEMICALS PRODUCES INSULIN AND GLUCAGON PINEAL GLAND ● PRODUCES MELATONIN--CIRCADIAN RHYTHM BLOOD ● YOUR BLOOD IS MADE UP OF LIQUID AND SOLIDS. ● THE LIQUID PART, CALLED PLASMA, IS MADE OF WATER, SALTS, AND PROTEIN. OVER HALF OF YOUR BLOOD IS PLASMA. ● THE SOLID PART OF YOUR BLOOD CONTAINS RED BLOOD CELLS, WHITE BLOOD CELLS, AND PLATELETS. ● THE BLOOD THAT RUNS THROUGH THE VEINS, ARTERIES, AND CAPILLARIES IS KNOWN AS WHOLE BLOOD-A MIXTURE OF ABOUT 55% PLASMA AND 45% BLOOD CELLS. ABOUT 7% TO 8% OF YOUR TOTAL BODY WEIGHT IS BLOOD. AN AVERAGE-SIZE MAN HAS ABOUT 12 PINTS OF BLOOD IN HIS BODY, AND AN AVERAGE-SIZED WOMAN HAS ABOUT 9 PINTS. BLOOD ROLES ● CARRYING NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN THROUGHOUT YOUR BODY CARRYING WHITE CELLS AND ANTIBODIES TO FIGHT INFECTION FORMING BLOOD CLOTS TO STOP BLEEDING CARRYING WASTE TO THE LIVER AND KIDNEYS TO HELP REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE CARRYING NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN THROUGHOUT YOUR BODY ● CARRYING WHITE CELLS AND ANTIBODIES TO FIGHT INFECTION ● FORMING BLOOD CLOTS TO STOP BLEEDING ● CARRYING WASTE TO THE LIVER AND KIDNEYS ● TO HELP REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE THE COMPONENTS OF BLOOD: PLASMA, BUFFY COAT(LEUKOCYTES, THROMBOCYTES), ERYTHROCYTES MC 1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1. PLASMA THE LIQUID COMPONENT OF BLOOD A MIXTURE OF: a. WATER(92%), SUGAR, FAT, b. PROTEIN:(7%):ALBUMIN,GLOBULINS:A LPHA,BETA, GAMMA AND FIBRINOGEN), c. SOLUTES(1%):IONS, NUTRIENTS (GLUCOSE, AMINO ACIDS, FATTY ACIDS), WASTE (UREA, CREATININE), HORMONES, GASES (O2,CO2) ● 55% OF WHOLE BLOOD(AROUND 45 MLS PER KG) ● MAIN JOB OF PLASMA IS TO TRANSPORT BLOOD CELLS THROUGHOUT THE BODY ● ALONG WITH NUTRIENTS, WASTE PRODUCTS, ANTIBODIES, CLOTTING PROTEINS, CHEMICAL MESSENGERS (SUCH AS HORMONES), AND PROTEINS THAT HELP MAINTAIN THE BODY'S FLUID BALANCE. 2. RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES): ● CONTAIN HEMOGLOBIN, WHICH BINDS TO OXYGEN AND TRANSPORTS IT FROM THE LUNGS TO THE BODY'S TISSUES. ● BRIGHT RED COLOR ● MOST ABUNDANT CELLS IN THE BLOOD ● ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT 40% TO 45% 4 ● SHAPE OF A RED BLOOD CELL IS A BICONCAVE DISK WITH A FLATTENED CENTER ● 5M PER MICROL ● PRODUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS IS CONTROLLED BY ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) ● RED BLOOD CELLS START AS IMMATURE CELLS IN THE BONE ● MARROW AND, AFTER APPROXIMATELY 7 DAYS OF MATURATION, ARE RELEASED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM ● HAVE NO NUCLEUS AND CAN EASILY CHANGE SHAPE, HELPING THEM FIT THROUGH THE VARIOUS BLOOD VESSELS IN THE BODY ● A RED BLOOD CELL SURVIVES AN AVERAGE OF 120 DAYS. 3. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES) ● A CRUCIAL PART OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, THESE CELLS DEFEND THE BODY AGAINST BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND OTHER FOREIGN INVADERS. ● WHITE BLOOD CELLS PROTECT THE BODY FROM INFECTION. ● ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT 1% OF THE BLOOD. ● 5,000 TO 10,000MICROLITER TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS NANAY LOVES EATING MANGOES & BAGOONG ● NEUTROPHILS ● LYMPHOCYTES ● EOSINOPHILS ● MONOCYTES ● BASOPHILS MC 1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 5 NEUTROPHIL ● MOST COMMON TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL ● THE BODY'S FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE AND ACCOUNTS FOR 55% TO 70% OF THE TOTAL WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT. ● EACH NEUTROPHIL LIVES LESS THAN A DAY, SO BONE MARROW MUST CONSTANTLY PRODUCE NEW NEUTROPHILS TO MAINTAIN PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION ● FORMS PUS(DEAD NEUTROPHILS) LYMPHOCYTE THE OTHER MAJOR TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL IS THE LYMPHOCYTE: ● T LYMPHOCYTES (T CELLS)-HELP REGULATE THE FUNCTION OF OTHER IMMUNE CELLS AND DIRECTLY ATTACK INFECTED CELLS AND TUMORS ● B LYMPHOCYTES (B CELLS)- HELP REGULATE THE FUNCTION OF OTHER IMMUNE CELLS AND DIRECTLY ATTACK INFECTED CELLS AND TUMORS. ● B CELLS PRODUCE ANTIBODIES-PROTEINS THAT SPECIFICALLY TARGET BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND OTHER FOREIGN MATERIALS. ● IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY MONOCYTES TURN INTO MACROPHAGES-GOBBLE THINGS UP EOSINOPHILS AND BASOPHILS ● ALLERGIC REACTION ● PARASITIC PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES): ● TINY CELLS THAT FORM PLUGS TO HELP SEAL BREAKS IN BLOOD VESSELS, PREVENTING EXCESSIVE BLEEDING. ● COME FROM MEGAKARYOCYTES ● UNLIKE RED AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS, PLATELETS ARE NOT ACTUALLY CELLS BUT RATHER SMALL CELL FRAGMENTS. ● PLATELETS HELP THE BLOOD-CLOTTING PROCESS (COAGULATION) BY GATHERING AT THE SITE OF AN INJURY, STICKING TO THE LINING OF THE INJURED BLOOD VESSEL, AND FORMING A PLATFORM ON WHICH BLOOD COAGULATION CAN OCCUR. THIS RESULTS IN THE FORMATION OF A FIBRIN CLOT, WHICH COVERS THE WOUND AND PREVENTS MC 1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BLOOD FROM LEAKING OUT. FIBRIN ALSO FORMS THE INITIAL SCAFFOLDING UPON WHICH NEW TISSUE DEVELOPS, THUS PROMOTING HEALING ● 200,000 TO 400,000 MICROL. ● PLATELET COUNT: TO DIAGNOSE OR MONITOR BLEEDING AND CLOTTING DISORDERS. ● PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) AND PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (PTT) TO EVALUATE BLEEDING AND CLOTTING DISORDERS AND TO MONITOR ANTICOAGULATION (ANTICLOTTING) THERAPIES. ● IN SOME CASES, AN ARTERY MAY BECOME COMPLETELY BLOCKED BY PLAQUE OR A BLOOD CLOT. ● WHEN THIS HAPPENS, A HEART ATTACK OR STROKE CAN OCCUR. ● HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ● YOUR BLOOD PRESSURE IS THE FORCE THAT YOUR BLOOD EXERTS ON THE WALLS OF YOUR ARTERIES AS YOUR HEART PUMPS. HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE CAN EVENTUALLY DAMAGE YOUR HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS, AS WELL AS OTHER ORGANS LIKE YOUR BRAIN, KIDNEYS, AND EYES. CELLULAR VS HUMORAL IMMUNITY ● CELLULAR IMMUNITY USES T CELLS TO DIRECTLY KILL INFECTED CELLS ● HUMORAL IMMUNITY USES B CELLS TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES THAT TARGET EXTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS, SUCH AS FREE-FLOATING BACTERIA. ● CELLULAR IMMUNITY IS EFFECTIVE AGAINST INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS LIKE VIRUSES, AND IT INVOLVES CYTOKINES RELEASED BY HELPER T CELLS TO ACTIVATE CYTOTOXIC T CELLS THAT DESTROY INFECTED CELLS. ● IN CONTRAST, HUMORAL IMMUNITY NEUTRALIZES OR MARKS EXTRACELLULAR ANTIGENS FOR DESTRUCTION BY OTHER IMMUNE CELLS. 6 BLOOD PRODUCTION PRODUCTION: ● NEW BLOOD CELLS ARE CONSTANTLY PRODUCED BY STEM CELLS IN THE SPONGY MATERIAL INSIDE BONES CALLED BONE MARROW. ● BLOOD CELLS FORMED IN THE BONE MARROW START OUT AS A STEM CELL. A STEM CELL IS THE FIRST PHASE OF ALL BLOOD CELLS. AS THE STEM CELL MATURES, SEVERAL DISTINCT CELLS EVOLVE. THESE INCLUDE THE RED BLOOD CELLS, WHITE BLOOD CELLS, AND PLATELETS. IMMATURE BLOOD CELLS ARE ALSO CALLED BLASTS. SOME BLASTS STAY IN THE MARROW TO MATURE. OTHERS TRAVEL TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY TO DEVELOP INTO MATURE, FUNCTIONING BLOOD CELLS. ● IN SOME CASES, AN ARTERY MAY BECOME COMPLETELY BLOCKED BY PLAQUE OR A BLOOD CLOT. WHEN THIS HAPPENS, A HEART ATTACK OR STROKE CAN OCCUR. ● HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ● YOUR BLOOD PRESSURE IS THE FORCE THAT YOUR BLOOD EXERTS ON THE WALLS OF YOUR ARTERIES AS YOUR HEART PUMPS. HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE CAN EVENTUALLY DAMAGE YOUR HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS, AS WELL AS OTHER ORGANS LIKE YOUR BRAIN, KIDNEYS, AND EYES. HEMATOPOIESIS ● BLOOD PRODUCTION OCCURS IN THE BONE MARROW THROUGH A PROCESS CALLED HEMATOPOIESIS, WHERE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS MATURE INTO DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETS. THESE CELLS, INCLUDING RED BLOOD CELLS, WHITE BLOOD CELLS, AND PLATELETS, ARE REGULATED BY CHEMICAL MESSENGERS LIKE ERYTHROPOIETIN AND CYTOKINES, AND ARE RELEASED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM ONCE MATURE. MC 1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY THE PROCESS OF BLOOD PRODUCTION 1. STEM CELLS: ● IN ADULT HUMANS, THE PRIMARY SITE FOR BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION IS THE SPONGY TISSUE INSIDE BONES KNOWN AS THE BONE MARROW. THIS MARROW CONTAINS UNSPECIALIZED CELLS CALLED HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS, OR HEMOCYTOBLASTS. 2. DIFFERENTIATION: ● WHEN THE BODY NEEDS BLOOD CELLS, THESE STEM CELLS DIVIDE AND DEVELOP INTO IMMATURE CELLS THAT HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO BECOME RED BLOOD CELLS, WHITE BLOOD CELLS, OR PLATELETS 3. MATURATION: ● THE IMMATURE CELLS THEN MATURE FURTHER IN STAGES, EVENTUALLY BECOMING FULLY FUNCTIONAL BLOOD CELLS. ● RED BLOOD CELLS: TRANSPORT OXYGEN THROUGHOUT THE BODY. ● WHITE BLOOD CELLS: ARE PART OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND HELP FIGHT INFECTION. ● PLATELETS: ARE ESSENTIAL FOR BLOOD CLOTTING. 4. RELEASE: ● ONCE THESE CELLS ARE FULLY DEVELOPED, THEY ARE RELEASED FROM THE BONE MARROW INTO THE BLOODSTREAM TO PERFORM THEIR FUNCTIONS. REGULATION OF BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION ● HORMONES AND CYTOKINES: ● CHEMICAL MESSENGERS REGULATE THE RATE OF BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION. ● THE HORMONE ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO), PRODUCED BY THE KIDNEYS, STIMULATES THE PRODUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS. ● CYTOKINES ARE ANOTHER GROUP OF CHEMICAL MESSENGERS THAT STIMULATE THE PRODUCTION OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS. STEPS IN THE BLOOD CLOTTING PROCESS 1. VASOCONSTRICTION: 7 ● WHEN A BLOOD VESSEL IS DAMAGED, IT CONSTRICTS (NARROWS) TO SLOW THE FLOW OF BLOOD TO THE INJURED AREA. 2. PLATELET PLUG FORMATION: ● PLATELETS CIRCULATING IN THE BLOOD STICK TO THE DAMAGED VESSEL WALL AND TO EACH OTHER, FORMING A TEMPORARY PLUG. 3. ACTIVATION OF CLOTTING FACTORS: ● THE ACTIVATED PLATELETS RELEASE SUBSTANCES THAT TRIGGER A SERIES OF REACTIONS INVOLVING CLOTTING FACTOR PROTEINS, A PROCESS KNOWN AS THE "COAGULATION CASCADE". 4. FIBRIN MESH FORMATION: ● THE CLOTTING FACTORS PRODUCE FIBRIN, A STICKY PROTEIN THAT FORMS A MESH LIKE NET. 5. STABLE CLOT: ● THIS FIBRIN MESH TRAPS MORE PLATELETS AND RED BLOOD CELLS, CREATING A STABLE CLOT THAT SEALS THE WOUND, PREVENTS FURTHER BLOOD LOSS, AND ACTS AS A SCAFFOLD FOR NEW TISSUE TO DEVELOP. BLOOD TYPES: ● BLOOD IS CATEGORIZED INTO TYPES A, B, AB, AND O, AND EACH CAN BE RH-POSITIVE OR RH-NEGATIVE. THIS IS IMPORTANT FOR BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS, AS CERTAIN BLOOD TYPES ARE INCOMPATIBLE. ● BLOOD TYPES: A POSITIVE(A+),A NEGATIVE(A-),B POSITIVE(B+),B NEGATIVE(B), AB POSITIVE (AB+),AB NEGATIVE(AB-),O POSITIVE (O+),O NEGATIVE(O-). ● BLOOD IS EITHER RH-POSITIVE OR RH-NEGATIVE. SO IF YOU HAVE TYPE A BLOOD, IT'S EITHER A POSITIVE OR A NEGATIVE. RH INCOMPATIBILITY ● RH INCOMPATIBILITY IS A CONDITION WHERE AN RH-NEGATIVE MOTHER CARRIES AN RH-POSITIVE FETUS, CAUSING THE MOTHER'S IMMUNE SYSTEM TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES MC 1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY THAT CAN ATTACK THE BABY'S RED BLOOD CELLS. ● THIS CAN LEAD TO HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN (HDN), CAUSING SEVERE ANEMIA AND JAUNDICE IN THE BABY. PREVENTION WITH RHOGAM INJECTIONS DURING PREGNANCY AND AFTER DELIVERY IS HIGHLY EFFECTIVE. HOW IS IT PREVENTED? PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: ● A SIMPLE INJECTION OF AN IMMUNE GLOBULIN, SUCH AS RHOGAM, CAN PREVENT THE MOTHER'S BODY FROM CREATING THESE HARMFUL ANTIBODIES. TIMING: ● RHOOAM SHOTS ARE TYPICALLY GIVEN DURING PREGNANCY (AROUND 28 WEEKS) AND AGAIN AFTER CHILDBIRTH, IF THE BABY IS RH-POSITIVE, ● EARLY DETECTION ● BLOOD TESTS DURING THE FIRST PRENATAL VISIT CON IDENTIFY AN RH-NEGATIVE MOTHER, ALLOWING FOR TIMELY PREVENTIVE TREATMENT. WHY IS IT A PROBLEM IN SUBSEQUENT PREGNANCIES? ● WHILE THE FIRST RH-POSITIVE BABY IS OFTEN NOT SEVERELY AFFECTED, THE MOTHER'S IMMUNE SYSTEM BECOMES "SENSITIZED". ● FOR ANY FUTURE PREGNANCIES WITH AN RH-POSITIVE BABY, THE MOTHER'S ANTIBODIES WILL ALREADY BE PRESENT AND CAN CAUSE MORE SIGNIFICANT PROBLEMS. ● ANEMIA ● HEMOPHILIA ● LEUKEMIA ● THROMBOCYTOPENIA CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, ALSO KNOWN AS THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, COMPRISES THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS (ARTERIES, VEINS, AND CAPILLARIES), AND BLOOD. ITS PRIMARY ROLE IS TO TRANSPORT OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS TO 8 BODY TISSUES AND REMOVE CARBON DIOXIDE AND METABOLIC WASTES FROM THEM. THIS SYSTEM ALSO PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN REGULATING BODY P TEMPERATURE, FIGHTING DISEASES, AND 9 MAINTAINING FLUID BALANCE. KEY COMPONENTS ● : A MUSCULAR PUMP THAT PROPELS BLOOD THROUGH THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. IT CONSISTS OF FOUR CHAMBERS-TWO ATRIA AND TWO VENTRICLES—THAT WORK IN A COORDINATED WAY TO ENSURE CONTINUOUS BLOOD FLOW. ● ARTERIES: BLOOD VESSELS THAT CARRY OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART TO THE BODY'S TISSUES. THE LARGEST ARTERY IS THE AORTA. ● VEINS: VESSELS THAT RETURN OXYGEN-DEPLETED BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART. THEY CONTAIN VALVES TO PREVENT BACKFLOW OF BLOOD. ● CAPILLARIES: TINY VESSELS WHERE THE EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, NUTRIENTS, AND WASTE OCCURS BETWEEN BLOOD AND TISSUES. ● CIRCUITS WITHIN THE SYSTEM ● SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION: CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE HEART TO THE BODY AND RETURNS DEOXYGENATED BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART. ● PULMONARY CIRCULATION: TRANSPORTS DEOXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE HEART TO THE FOR OXYGENATION AND THEN BACK TO THE HEART. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CONDITIONS ATHEROSCLEROSIS ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS WHEN PLAQUE BUILDS UP ALONG THE WALLS OF YOUR ARTERIES. RISK FACTORS THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO PLAQUE BUILDUP INCLUDE: ● HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ● HIGH CHOLESTEROL ● TOBACCO USE ● DIABETES ● AN UNHEALTHY DIET MC 1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ● LOW LEVELS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ● BEING OVERWEIGHT OR OBESE ● ATHEROSCLEROSIS CAN GRADUALLY MAKE THE ARTERIES NARROWER, AFFECTING THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD THAT CAN FLOW THROUGH THEM. BECAUSE OF THIS, ORGANS AND TISSUES MAY NOT GET ENOUGH OXYGEN. CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE ● WHEN ATHEROSCLEROSIS AFFECTS THE ARTERIES OF YOUR HEART, IT'S CALLED CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE. ● OTHER ARTERIES IN YOUR BODY CAN ALSO BE AFFECTED AS WELL. THIS IS CALLED PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE, WHICH AFFECTS HOW WELL BLOOD CAN FLOW TO YOUR LEGS, FEET, ARMS, AND HANDS. ● IN SOME CASES, AN ARTERY MAY BECOME COMPLETELY BLOCKED BY PLAQUE OR A BLOOD CLOT. ● WHEN THIS HAPPENS, A HEART ATTACK OR STROKE CAN OCCUR. ● HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ● YOUR BLOOD PRESSURE IS THE FORCE THAT YOUR BLOOD EXERTS ON THE WALLS OF YOUR ARTERIES AS YOUR HEART PUMPS. HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE CAN EVENTUALLY DAMAGE YOUR HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS, AS WELL AS OTHER ORGANS LIKE YOUR BRAIN, KIDNEYS, AND EYES. ANGINA ● ANGINA IS CHEST PAIN THAT OCCURS WHEN YOUR HEART ISN'T GETTING ENOUGH OXYGEN. IT'S OFTEN CAUSED BY CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, WHICH MAKES THE ARTERIES SUPPLYING THE HEART NARROWER DUE TO PLAQUE BUILDUP. ARRHYTHMIA ● AN ARRHYTHMIA IS AN ABNORMAL HEART RHYTHM. WHEN YOU HAVE AN ARRHYTHMIA, YOUR HEART MAY BE BEATING TOO FAST (TACHYCARDIA), TOO SLOWLY (BRADYCARDIA), OR 9 IRREGULARLY. IT HAPPENS DUE TO CHANGES IN THE HEART OR ITS ELECTRICAL SIGNALS. ● HEART FAILURE. HEART FAILURE IS WHEN YOUR HEART ISN'T PUMPING BLOOD AS EFFICIENTLY AS IT SHOULD, MEANING YOUR ORGANS AND TISSUES MAY NOT BE GETTING ENOUGH OXYGEN OR THE PRESSURE IN THE HEART MAY BE TOO HIGH. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF HEART FAILURE: ● SYSTOLIC OR DIASTOLIC. SYSTOLIC HEART FAILURE IS WHEN THE HEART ISN'T PUMPING BLOOD EFFICIENTLY. DIASTOLIC HEART FAILURE OCCURS WHEN THE HEART PUMPS NORMALLY BUT DOESN'T RELAX NORMALLY DUE TO INCREASED STIFFNESS. ● HEART VALVE PROBLEMS. HEART VALVES HELP CONTROL THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN YOUR HEART. HEART VALVE PROBLEMS, SUCH AS LEAKY OR BLOCKED (STENOTIC) VALVES, CAN CAUSE YOUR HEART TO BE LESS EFFICIENT AT PUMPING BLOOD. ● HEART INFLAMMATION. THIS CAN INCLUDE INFLAMMATION OF THE INNER LINING OF THE HEART (ENDOCARDITIS), THE OUTER SAC OF THE HEART (PERICARDITIS), OR THE HEART MUSCLE ITSELF (MYOCARDITIS). ● ANEURYSM. AN ANEURYSM IS WHEN THE WALL OF AN ARTERY BECOMES WEAKENED AND BEGINS TO BULGE. THIS CAN OCCUR IN THE BIG ARTERIES (AORTIC ANEURYSM) OR THE SMALL ARTERIES (CORONARY ANEURYSM). IF AN ANEURYSM IN A LARGE ARTERY RUPTURES, IT CAN BE LIFE-THREATENING. ● CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE. THIS IS WHEN YOU'RE BORN WITH AN ABNORMALITY IN YOUR HEART OR BLOOD VESSELS, USUALLY RELATED TO THE FORMATION OF THE HEART MUSCLE. ● VASCULITIS. THIS IS INFLAMMATION OF THE WALLS OF YOUR BLOOD MC 1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 10 VESSELS AND CAN LEAD TO COMPLICATIONS LIKE ANEURYSMS. ● DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT) ● PULMONARY EMBOLISM ● HEART ATTACK ● A HEART ATTACK HAPPENS WHEN THE FLOW OF BLOOD TO PART OF THE HEART IS BLOCKED OR WHEN THE OXYGEN DEMAND OF THE HEART EXCEEDS THE OXYGEN SUPPLY. WHEN THIS HAPPENS, THAT AREA OF THE HEART CAN'T GET ENOUGH OXYGEN AND BEGINS TO DIE OR LOSE FUNCTION. VARICOSE VEINS ● YOUR VEINS CONTAIN VALVES THAT HELP KEEP OXYGEN - DEPLETED BLOOD FLOWING TOWARD YOUR HEART. WHEN THESE VALVES FAIL, BLOOD COLLECTS IN THE VEINS, WHICH CAN CAUSE THEM TO BULGE AND BECOME SWOLLEN OR PAINFUL. ● VARICOSE VEINS MOST OFTEN APPEAR ON THE LOWER LEGS. BLOOD CLOTS ● A BLOOD CLOT IS WHEN BLOOD COAGULATES OR CLUMPS TOGETHER TO FORM A GEL-LIKE MASS. THIS CLOT CAN GET STUCK IN A BLOOD VESSEL, WHERE IT BLOCKS THE FLOW OF BLOOD. BLOOD CLOTS CAN CAUSE: ○ HEART ATTACK ○ STROKE ○ SUDDEN PAIN OR PRESSURE IN YOUR CHEST, WHICH MAY SPREAD TO YOUR SHOULDERS, ARMS, OR NEC ○ SWEATING ○ RAPID OR IRREGULAR HEARTBEAT ○ SHORTNESS OF BREATH ○ DIGESTIVE SYMPTOMS, SUCH AS UPSET STOMACH, NAUSEA, OR VOMITING ○ DIZZINESS OR LIGHTHEADEDNESS ○ FEELINGS OF WEAKNESS OR FATIGUE ○ FAINTING ○ WEAKNESS OR NUMBNESS, PARTICULARLY ON ONE SIDE OF THE BODY OR FACE ○ SEVERE HEADACHE ○ CONFUSION ○ PROBLEMS WITH VISION ○ SLURRED SPEECH OR DIFFICULTY TALKING ○ LOSS OF BALANCE, DIZZINESS, OR TROUBLE WALKING ○ SEIZURE