Lab Report Guidance

Blue = guidance / questions / things to do Purple = Examples Keep the headings, but delete everything else when you have done your work! This document should become your work only! Written in black Open up EasyBib App to keep track of the sources you use. You should use your textbook and reference it! Look back at 1.​ Your last Biology test (and the improvement tasks we did on results table and graphs) 2.​ In “Paper 6 & Lab skills” folder on google classroom. Browse all the documents, MUST: Write some points for you to remember here! You will be completing the background information, a hand drawn data table (taking a photo and putting it in this doc), and a hand drawn graph (taking a photo and and putting it in this doc). COULD: The other sections are optional. You will receive feedback on everything you hand in Title = Fully focused research question Background Information ●​ What are enzymes? ●​ How do they work? ●​ What affects enzymes? How do these factors affect enzymes? ●​ What are some examples of enzymes in every-day life? [Citations are used effectively to support the background. Textbooks should be the first port of call when looking for a citation.] Miller (1962) suggested that… or as shown in the serial position effect (Murdock, 1965). If there are two authors: Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) investigated the Multi-store model of memory. If there are more than two authors: Wasserstein, Sappula, Rosen and Gerstman (1994) … for the first time you mention them, then, Wasserstein et al. (1994) investigated … after that. Hypothesis What is your research hypothesis? Variables Variables Independent variable [Describe the independent variable] Dependent variable [Describe the dependent variable] Control variables [What variables need to be kept constant to ensure a Likely impact upon the investigation How the variable will be changed/ measured/controlled/monitored ●​ [Explain how would changing this variable would effect the dependent variable] ●​ [What values have been chosen] ●​ [Why have these values been chosen] ●​ [Explain why is the chosen variable is a good measure to answer the research question] ●​ [How will measurements be taken?] ●​ [Do any calculations such as a reaction rate need to be done?] ●​ [Suggest how these variables will be kept constant and if necessary how they will be monitored] ●​ [Discuss how and why these variable might impact the data collected] fair test?] Uncontrolled variables [Variables that might affect the investigation, but are impractical to control] ●​ [Discuss how and why these variable might impact the data collected] ●​ [Suggest how the effect of the variable could be minimized and/or monitored, if possible] Apparatus: [List all equipment used] [Include all items, quantities, concentrations, volumes, masses etc., for measuring equipment uncertainties] Method https://practicalbiology.org/bio-molecules/factors-affecting-enzyme-activity/invest igating-effect-of-temperature-on-the-activity-of-lipase#:~:text=When%20the%20p H%20drops%20below,the%20pH%20to%20below%208.3 [The method must describe how to manipulate the IV, including specific details of range or increments.] [The method for recording results, including units and uncertainty of tools should be described.] [Each control and uncontrolled variable identified in the variables table should be addressed in the method.] [A diagram or photo of the experimental setup helps to make a complex equipment setup clear] [Annotate/label diagrams and photos to give them value and explain their relevance. Annotations maybe done in the main text as an alternative to including annotations in the diagram.] [Make sure the method is clear, specific and easily replicated. This is best done by getting a person not familiar with your work to read through the method and then explain it back to you.] [The method clearly communicates the reasons why each step is the method is appropriate and necessary. Much of this explanation might already be addressed in the second column of the variables table.] [If the chosen method is based on or adapted from a published protocol then the original protocol must be cited.] Safety, Environmental & Ethical Considerations [Comment on possible hazards, environmental, ethical and social impacts of the work, and say how they will dealt with to minimise the impact] One hazard is… The risk is… To minimise the risk, .. Results & Analysis [This section should include quantitative results (numbers) and qualitative results e.g. images / descriptions / observations] Table 2. The temperature change in each trial, mean temperature change and standard deviation for each solution during 300 seconds of evaporation (Uncertainty ± 0.2°C due to use of minimum temperature ± 0.1°C and maximum temperature ± 0.1°C used to calculate temperature change) Temperature change of each solution during 300 seconds of evaporation/ °C (± 0.2) Solution 1 2 3 4 5 Mean Water 2.3 3.2 3.2 2.3 1.3 2.4 Standard Deviation 0.8 Water (50%) and Ethanol (50%) Ethanol 5.2 7.1 6.2 7.8 7.1 6.7 1.0 7.2 10.2 7.2 10.2 7.2 8.4 1.7 5% Salt water 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.7 0.3 Acetone 4.4 7.7 4.4 7.5 4.4 5.7 1.8 Standard deviation calculated using the following equation in Excel S = standard deviation Σ = sum (total) of x = value measured x = mean value n = total number of values in sample Graph 1. Mean time for reaction between starch and amylase to reach completion at different temperatures (OᵒC, 20ᵒC, 40ᵒC). Error bars show ± 1 standard deviation There is a positive correlation; as the temperature increases, the time for the reaction between starch and amylase to reach completion decreases from 21.8±0.01seconds to 9.8±0.01seconds. This means that as the temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases. The uncertainty caused by the stopwatch (±0.01second) is negligible with such large differences between the times for reaction completion, and as such do not affect the validity of this conclusion. In general, the narrow error bars for all temperatures suggest that there is a small spread of data around the mean, and as such suggests the data is reliable, in particular in the readings at 30ᵒC. The slightly wider error bar at 40ᵒC (1SD = 3.2) may indicate systematic or human error in the raw data in test 2 (6.3±1seconds) There is also no/little overlap of the error bars, which suggests that the rate of reactions at different temperatures are significantly different. However, the exception to this is the overlap of error bars (±1 SD) between 20ᵒC and 40ᵒC which slightly decreases confidence in the positive correlation. Conclusion [Refer back to scientific theory and the citation(s): -​ -​ -​ -​ -​ What do the results indicate in terms of the IV and DV? Do you accept or reject the null hypothesis? Does the data support accepted theory? Are the results consistent with published data? Explain the science behind your results Evaluation -​ What are the limitations of the data? E.g. anomalies? Accuracy? Reliability? -​ What are the limitations of the procedure? And how did it affect the results (say of this would make the results higher or lower than the true value) E.g. Any control variables not controlled? Determining when the solution had changed colour was subjective and meant that a conservative approach was used, i.e. as soon as the colour changed, the time was recorded. This means that the results are likely to show times that are shorter than the true value -​ What do you suggest should be done to overcome these limitations if you were to do the investigation again? To overcome this limitation we could use a colorimeter to measure the absorbance or transmission of the solution over time. This would reduce the uncertainty to ±0.001 and the size of human error. -​ How would you extend your investigation further? I.e. what other factors could you investigate next? The strengths of the procedure were that I controlled the water availability by adding the same volume of water at the start of the investigation. The strength of the data is that the error bars are narrow which suggests that there is a small spread of data around the mean, and there are no anomalous results The limitations of the data are that the error bars at 20ᵒC and 4OᵒC overlap, which suggests there may not be a significant difference in the number of bacterial colonies at these two temperatures. The limitations of the method are that other microorganisms colonised the sample so it was difficult to count the number of bacterial colonies. To overcome this I don’t know what to do. I also only tested up to 4OᵒC, and we do not know what happens to the number of bacterial colonies above 40ᵒC. To extend the investigation I would test more temperatures, and also investigate other factors that affect the rate of decay such as water availability References At the end of your work you would then have a Reference List where you would put all of your references in a list Title of the website in normal format. (Year). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from website address For example. New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved March 21, 2001, from http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp University of Washington Libraries. (2013). Citations and writing. Retrieved January 6, 2014, from http://guides.lib.washington.edu/citations