1st qtr Topics - English

English Synonyms & Antonyms Synonym - is a word having the same meaning. Antonym - opposite meaning. Example: word: synonym: funny ill hard alike antonym: silly serious sick better/well difficult easy same run sprint/jog tired exhausted different walk energetic brave bold scared/coward strong brave weak fast quick slow quiet silent noisy kind polite bad ________________________________________ Preposition Preposition- is a word used before a noun or pronoun. It shows place, direction, time, manner, amount & cause. Example: 1.​He went to the market. “To” is the preposition. “The market” is the noun and it shows direction. 2.​He came by plane. “By” is the preposition. “Plane” is a noun and it shows manners. 3.​She will be here at twelve o’clock. “At” is the preposition. “Twelve o’clock” is the noun and it indicates time. Preposition To By At object of the Preposition The store Prepositional Phrase the store He went to the store. ____________________________________________ Idiomatic Expression Idiomatic expression- is a phrase whose meaning is different from individual words that make it up. Example: 1.​Mom said that I should bring an umbrella with me because it’s raining cats and dogs outside. 2.​My uncle has a very beautiful garden because he has a green thumb. 3.​I can’t believe that our math exam was just a piece of cake. Meanings: It’s raining cats and dogs = Raining heavily Green thumb = It is a person who is good at growing plants Piece of cake = Very easy Spill the bean = Tell a secret Break a leg = Good luck Smash hit = A big success In hot water = Trouble Hold your horses = Wait and stop Copy cat = A person copying someone Bookworm = A person that loves to read An arm & a leg = Very expensive ____________________________________________ Homophones and Homographs Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spelling and meaning. Example: Cell & Sell = Cell is in biology while sell is selling an object. Cent & Sent = Cent is a money while sent is when you send someone a message. Homographs are words with the same spelling and have more than one meaning. Example. Fine = It can be a word that is similar to alright/okay or it can be a word that has a cost. Close = It can be getting close to someone or is the word that is opposite to open. __________________________________________ Nouns Noun - Names of people, objects, animals, places, and events. Singular - A singular noun means one noun. Plural - A plural noun means more than one noun. Verbal Noun - A noun derived from a verb or from an action word. Example: Verb verbal noun To build building To arrive arrival To repeat repetition Possessive Noun - shows ownership. Apostrophe (‘) & S. Example: The boy’s coat. Joe’s car. The children’s breakfast. Example in singular form: The bee’s hive. The girl’s gift. (plural form) The bees’ hive. The girls’ gift. ____________________________________________ Collective Nouns Denotes - a sign of, indicate. -​ A band of musicians. -​ A board of directors indicate. -​ A class of students. -Collective Noun for things-​ Troops of Mushrooms. -​ Pack of cards. -​ A ream of Papers. -Collective Nouns for Animals- Ambush of tigers. - Army of caterpillars. - Nest of snakes. ____________________________________________ Compound noun - is made of 2 or more words. 3 types of compound noun: 1.​Open or space - has spacing between the words. 2.​Hyphenated - the two words have hyphens between them. 3.​Closed or solid- No space and hyphen between the words. ____________________________________________ Science Force, energy, motion Law of Inertia Drawing on the earlier aristotle and Galileo, Isaac Newton published his great work known as principia in 1687 containing his famous “three laws of motion”. Newton’s first law of motion, resembles a lot of similarity with Galileo’s conclusions. This law states that: A given body continues to be in its state of rest or motion (uniform speed) in a straight line unless acted upon by a nonzero net or unbalanced external force. A given body tendency to maintain state of rest or motion in a straight line is referred to as the “Law of Inertia”. Force - push or pull Formula: F = m + a F = Force m = mass of an object (weight) a = acceleration Net Force - An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Friction - is a force, the resistance of motion when one object rubs against another. Whenever two objects rub against each other, they cause friction. Motion - A movement. Change from the original position. Speed - (time) Length of distance traveled. Velocity - Rate of change of velocity of an object (direction) Acceleration - Slowing down. Newton's law of motion are three laws of classical mechanics that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting upon it. In classical mechanics, velocities are directly additive and subtractive. For example: If one car travels east at 60 km/h and passes another car traveling in the same direction at 50 km/h, the slower car perceives the faster car is traveling east at 60 - 50 = 10 km/h. Newton’s first law (Inertia) -​ An object at rest remains at rest or an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Every object persists in its state of rest on uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed on it. 2nd Law of motion/law of acceleration - Force equals mass times (multiply) acceleration F = m * a 3rd law of motion/law of interaction - For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to mass. a = f/m or f = ma The newton of force is the force that will accelerate a 1kg mass at the rate of 1m/sec/sec F = ma,sa 1n = 1kg*m/sec² Weight is the force of gravity so Wt = mg Boom’s weight = (80kg) (a * 8m/s2) = 800n newton _________________________________________________________ •speed -​ Scalar quantity -​ has magnitude only Formula: 𝑑 𝑡 S = •velocity -​ vector quantity -​ It has both magnitude and direction Inertia - is the tendency of an object to resist in its velocity, whether it is in motion or not. 2nd law More light - less mass, acceleration and force. how to know if an object is accelerating? 1.​The speed of the object is changing 2.​The change of direction Newton’s 1st law of motion - Rest or in motion. Newton’s 2nd law of motion - Depends on the force applied on the object. Newton’s 3rd law of motion - interaction, equal and opposite reaction. Equation ⃗a = Σ𝐹 𝑚 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚 Symbol is acceleration, ΣF is the net external force, and m is the mass of the system. Meaning in words, acceleration is the net force divided by the mass of the system. Σ = summation Newton = unit if force Consistent with the above equation, a unit of force is equal to a unit of mass times (multiply) a unit of acceleration. By substituting standard metric units for force, mass, and acceleration into the above equation the following unit equivalency can be written. 1 newton = 1kg * m/sec² The definition of the standard metric unit of force is stated by the above equation. One newton is defined as the amount of force required to give a 1kg mass an acceleration of 1m/s/s. Sample problem 1.​A force of 30N acts upon a 10kg block. Calculate the acceleration of the object. Given: F = 30N m = 10kg find: a: a = F m = 30kg * m/s² ÷10kg (Cancel similar units) = 3m/s² 2.​A force of 50N acts upon a block of wood acceleration at 4m/s². What is the mass of the block wood? Given: F = 50N a = 4m/s² Formula: m = F a 50N ÷ 4m/s² = 12.5 kg _________________________________________________ Triangle method F F = Force, m = mass, a = acceleration m|a F = m • a (multiply) m = F (divide) a a = F (divide) m Unit analysis a = kg • m/s² kg (cancel kg) = a = m/s² m = kg • m/s² m/s² (cancel m/s²) When the equation has the same unit, you must cancel it. _________________________________________________ uniform circular motion Motion - A body needs to be moving. Circular - Path of the moving body is a circle. Uniform - The body is moving at a constant speed. Centripetal Force -​ When the centripetal force exerted by the string on the mass is removed,the object will stop moving along the circle and will follow a straight line path that is tangent to the circle. Tangential Velocity -​ The velocity of the rotating object is called tangential Velocity. Circular Motion A circular motion is a motion that follows a path around a center point. The path maintains a constant distance from the center (the radius). Frequency - The frequency refers to the number of turns completed at a given time. Period - The time needed to complete one revolution. Formula = V = 2πf V = Tangential velocity in m/s r = Radius of the circle in m. f = frequency in revolution x = 2πr T T = period, π = 3.1416 The centripetal acceleration is computed using the formula: where: a = centripetal acceleration in m/s² The centripetal force is derived from Newton's Law. Substituting the formula of the centripetal acceleration where: F = centripetal force in Newton (N) m = mass in kg V = tangential velocity in m/s r = radius in m Circular motion A uniform or constant speed Be noted that acceleration involves not only the change in speed but also change in velocity. As long as the motion is circular, it is considered as circular motion. Tangential velocity (object moving) Frequency P/s P/h P/m Period - time, where it will start counting. F (capital letter)=Force f (small letter/lowercase)=frequency v (small letter/lowercase)=tangential velocity V (capital letter)=velocity (to be continued kasi wala, nahilo ako sa science) _______________________________________ AP Mga Teorya (these are keywords of the theories) Teoryang Planetisimal - nagsamasama at nag dikit-dikit, kumpol kumpol at maliliit na planetoid naging planeta kasama ng daigdig. Teoryang Kolisyon - dalawang malaking bituin ang nag banggaan. Teoryang Big Bang - galing sa maliit na molekyul, tipak na nagmula sa pagsabog. Teoryang Continental Drift - dahil sa malakas na paglindol ang mga tipak ng lupa sa ilalim ay inanod at naging iba’t ibang bahagi ng daigdig. Teoryang Panrelihiyon - pinaniniwalaan nila kung ano ang nasa Bibliya. Teoryang Nebular - namumuong gas at alikabok. Teoryang Dust-cloud - nabuong alikabok. Teoryang Dynamic Encounter - banggaan ng isang kometa at malaking araw. Ang Heograpiya ng Daigdig Ang Heograpiya ay nanggaling sa mga salitang Griyego na geo, na nangangahulugang “lupa” o “mundo” at graphia, na nangangahulugang “pagsusukat” o “paglalarawan”. Dahil dito, ang heograpiya ay may kahulugang “pagsusulat tungkol sa mundo”. Ito ay siyentipikong pag-aaral ng katangiang pisikal ng mundo, kasama na ang pag-aaral sa pisikal na anyo ng lupa at tubig,klima, at iba pang bumubuo nito tulad ng populasyon ng tao, hayop, at halamang nakapaloob dito. Ang heograpiya ay maraming kinukuhang datos sa iba’t ibang agham pisikal, bayolohikal, at sosyal. Ito ay nagbibigay liwanag sa pagkakaayos o distribusyon ng bawat pangyayari at kahulugan nito sa paninirahan ng tao sa isang pook. (1st qtr topic focuses on theory and Geography) _________________________________________ TLE Entrepreneurship (Famous entrepreneurs in the Philippines) Eduardo Cojuangco - San Miguel Corp Manuel Pangilinan - (PLDT) Smart, Sun, TNT, TV5 Lucio Tan - Philippine Airlines, Asia Brewery, Fortune Tobacco Henry Sy - SM Lolita Hizon - Pampanga’s Best Socorro Ramos - National Bookstore Alredo Yao - Zest-o Famous Entrepreneur - is someone passionate and innovative who creates a new business. Entrepreneurship - the process of creating, launching, running or setting up a business. Concept of entrepreneurship - the word “entrepreneur” from French verb enterprende which means “to undertake”. The enterprise is created by an entrepreneur and the process is Entrepreneurship. -​ Entrepreneurs are innovators. They are willing to take risks and generate unique ideas. Relevance of Entrepreneurship to an organization 1.​Development of Managerial capabilities - to develop his managerial skills. 2.​ Creation of Organization - because of entrepreneurship many organizations will exist. 3.​Improving Standard of living - entrepreneurship can lift up the economic status of an individual. 4.​Means of Economic Development - not only the life of an entrepreneur is improved but also the society where the business is located. Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship 1.​Personality Factors which include: a.​Initiative - doing things even before being told. b.​Proactive - which means he can classify opportunities and seize it. c.​Problem Solver - which means he can retain good relations with other people. d.​ Perseverance - meaning he will pursue things to get done regardless of challenges. e.​ Persuasion - means that he can entice people to buy even if they don’t want to. f.​A Planner - he makes plans before doing things and does not fail to monitor it. g.​Risk-taker - which means that he is willing to gamble but he will calculate it first. 2. Environmental Factors which include political, climate, legal system, economic and social conditions and market situations. Common Competencies in Entrepreneurship 1.​Decisive - an entrepreneur must be firm in making decisions. 2.​Communicator - an entrepreneur must have a convincing power. 3.​Leader - an entrepreneur must have the charisma to be obeyed by his employees. 4.​Opportunity seeker - an entrepreneur must have the ability to be the first to see business chances. 5.​Proactive - an entrepreneur can control a situation by making things happen or by preparing for possible future problems. 6.​Risk Taker - an entrepreneur has the courage to pursue business ideas. 7.​Innovative - the entrepreneur has big business ideas and he does not stop improving and thinking of new worthwhile ideas for his business. Core Competencies in Entrepreneurship 1.​ Economic and Dynamic Activity - Entrepreneurship is an economic activity because it involves the creation and operation of an enterprise with a view to creating value or wealth by ensuring optimum utilization of limited resources. 2.​ Innovative - The entrepreneur constantly looks for new ideas, thus he needs to be creative. 3.​Profit Potential - The entrepreneur can be compensated by his profit coming from the operation. 4.​Risk bearing - The entrepreneur needs to gamble but wise enough to offset the risk. Types of Entrepreneurs 1.​ Innovative Entrepreneurs - They are those who always make new things by thinking of new ideas. They have the ability to think of newer, better and more economical ideas. 2.​ Imitating Entrepreneurs - They are those who don’t create new things but only follow the ideas of other entrepreneurs. 3.​ Fabian Entrepreneurs - They are skeptical about changes to be made in the organization. They don’t initiate but follow only after they are satisfied. 4.​ Drone Entrepreneurs - They are those who live on the labor of others. They are die-hard conservatives even ready to suffer the loss of business. 5.​ Social Entrepreneurs - They are those who initiate changes and drive social innovation and transformation in the various fields such as education, health, human rights, environment and enterprise development. Career Opportunities of Entrepreneurship 1.​ Business Consultant - with the expertise in the field of entrepreneurship, he can be a very good source of advice to other entrepreneurs and would be businessmen. 2.​ Teacher - a graduate of entrepreneurship can use his knowledge in teaching. 3.​ Researcher - the entrepreneur can be employed as a researcher by an enterprise. 4.​ Sales - the entrepreneurship graduate can apply as a salesman. 5.​ Business Reporter - the entrepreneur being expert in the field, can be employed as a business reporter. ____________________________________________ MAPEH Music What is music? An art of sound in time that expresses ideas and emotions in significant forms through the elements of rhythm, harmony, melody and color. Elements of Music >Rhythm - is the regular repeated pattern of sounds. It serves as the pulse of the musical composition. >Tempo - is the speed of the beat. >Dynamics - the softness and loudness of the music. >Meter - which consists of time signature is the combination of strong beats and weak beats. >Melody - is the organized sequence (horizontal) of single notes. >Harmony - the vertical arrangement of sound in a musical piece. >Texture - is all about the thickness of the sound. >Timbre - is a character/quality of a musical sound or voice as distinct as its pitch and intensity. Batik -​ It is part of their ancient tradition and culture. -​ Refers to the technique of decorating cloth called wax-resist dyeing. -​ Indonesia and Malaysia have batik fabric. Thailand -has its own traditional fabric called Thai Silk. Thai silk is handwoven, each design is unique and cannot be duplicated. Cambodia Sampot hoi - the traditional wrap skirt worn by Cambodian women. Laos Sihn - the traditional skirt worn by the women of Laos. Southeast Asian Arts: Fabric/Fabric Design Fabric Design of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei Thailand -​ Famous for fabrics. -​ Especially its silk produced from cocoons of Thai silkworm to the loom. -​ The patterns in the silk were inspired by things in the natural world surrounding the weavers, such as the head of rice, snakes, flowers, birds and leaves though today many weavers are updating this traditional process with more modern designs. 2 Examples of Traditional Thai Fabric Patterns A.​Mat mee patterned silk is made from a specific kind of dyeing process. It is most commonly seen in the weaving of Isaan, or northeastern Thailand. B.​Yok Dork is another kind of pattern that is woven in Thai silk called yok dork. It is a kind of brocade and often features an all-over pattern of flowers. Cambodia -Silk weaving has been part of Cambodia culture for centuries since textiles were used for trading. Modern textiles have traces of motifs imitating clothing details on ancient stone sculptures. TWO MAIN TYPES OF CAMBODIAN WEAVING 1.​Ikat Technique - (Khmer term: chongkiet) to create patterns, weavers tie and portions of weft yan before weaving beggins. Patterns are diverse and vary by region; common motifs include lattice, stars, and spots. 2.​Uneven Twill - it yields single or two-color fabrics, which are produced by three so that the color of one thread dominates on one side of the fabric. While the two others determine the color on the reverse side. Natural Dyes a.​Insect nests - red dye b.​Indigo - blue dye c.​Prohut bark - yellow and green dye d.​Ebony bark - black dye Krama - the traditional check scarves worn almost universally by Cambodians, are made of cotton. Rural women often weave homemade cotton fabric, which is used in garments and for household purposes. Laos -famous for its hand-grown, spun, dyed, handwoven cotton and silk fabrics made by Lao village women; silk and cotton making process, dyeing and weaving near Vientiane. -silk and cotton weaving by hand is an age-old tradition in Lao. Strand by strand. Sihn -​ The Lao women's ankle-long skirt whose form is undeniable but whose patterns are unique to each skirt. Skirt -​ It would wear throughout her lifetime. Vietnam Golden thread silks were born in Vietnam. Many Vietnamese fabrics originated from Ha Dong, the center of weaving and sericulture (silkworm production) for centuries. Popular Vietnamese fabric -​ Shangtung taffeta -​ Bengaline weave -​ Ebony satin-an all-natural lustrous silk hand-woven in southern vietnam and naturally dyed using ebony fruit pods. “Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore” Batik >The fabric most common to both countries is the batik. >The term “batik” is an Indonesian Malay word, believed to be related to the Malay word “titik”, which means ‘point’, ‘dot’ or ‘drop’. >The “drop” action refers to the process of dyeing the fabric by making use of a Resist technique: covering areas of cloth with a dye-resistant substance (usually hot wax) to prevent them from absorbing colors. Two Categories of Batik design 1.​Free form design 2.​Geometric Motifs -​ Modern batik designs depend on the creativity of their designers. -​ Naturalistic motifs like leaves, flowers and birds have been utilized to create elaborate and intricate designs. -​ Modern designs also include more colors, courtesy of chemical dyes, as artists are not bound by the strict guidelines of traditional practices, when craftsmen were dependent on natural dyes. Malaysia The states of Kelantan and Terengganu are considered the cradle where batik first flourished, reaching even Singapore’s shores. Two main types of Batik 1.​Handpainted - the artist uses the canting, a small copper container with one or more different-sized pipes. 2.​Block Printed - done by welding together strips of metal to form a metal block. The metal block is then dipped into molten wax and pressed against the fabric in order to make a pattern. -​ Leaves and flowers in Malaysian batiks are incorporated to avoid the interpretation of human and animal images as idolatry in accordance with local islamic doctrine. -​ This makes their batik look similar to that of Indonesia. However, the Malaysian batik is famous for its geometrical designs or spirals. -​ The method of Malaysian batik making is also different from those of Indonesian Javanese batik. Their patterns are longer and simpler. -​ More brush painting is applied to be able to put lighter and more vibrant colors than deep colored Javanese batik. Singapore >Nowadays, batik is featured as the uniform of flight attendants for the official flag carrier airlines of Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Brunei >Traditional textile is also called batik but it is uniquely different from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Its designs have their national flower -​ Simpur -​ Sumboi-sumboi (pitcher plant), and -​ Brunei’s traditional design of air muleh. Different techniques are used in Brunei’s batik like -​ Airbrushing, -​ Cracking, -​ Bubble, -​ Rainbow, -​ Sprinkle, -​ Geometry, and -​ Marble >These techniques are applied on fabrics like cotton, chiffon, linen, and brocade. >Hand-made batik designs are created through the art of layering and mixing of colors injected with creativity. Batik can be done in four different ways: 1.​Hand-drawn 2.​Using metal blocks 3.​Screen printing 4.​Digital printing Filipino Bago pa man sinakop ng mga Espanyol ang Pilipinas, may maituturing ng panitikan ang mga Pilipino. Kabilang sa mga katutubong panitikang ito ang mga karunungang-bayan tulad ng salawikain, sawikain at kasabihan. Ang salawikain o kawikaan (proverbs/adage) ay mga pahayag na nagpapaalala sa tamang pag-uugali, pagkilos at masayang pamumuhay lalo na sa mga kabataan. Sawikain o idyoma (idiom) ang tawag sa matalinghagang pahayag na maaaring salita o parirala para magpasaring o magpahatid ng mensahe na hindi literal ang kahulugan kaya kailangan ang matayog na pag-iisip upang maunawaan ang tunay nitong kahulugan. Ang kasabihan (mother goose rhyme) ay mga tugmang pambata na may layuning manudyo sa kaniyang ginagawa sa paraang masaya. Karunungang-bayan halimbawa kahulugan A.Salawikain Nasa Diyos ang awa Nasa tao ang gawa Kumilos at magtiwala sa Diyos B. Sawikain buwaya Sakim (selfish) C. Kasabihan Bata batuta Matapang sa lungga duwag Ang bugtong ay itinuturing din na isa sa mga karunungang-bayan. Ito ay larong pangkaisipan na nagpapahula sa isang inilalarawan. Nagsisilbi itong libangan ng mga Pilipino at repleksiyon ng kanilang pagiging matalino at malikhain. Halimbawa: 1.​Munting anghel na lilipad-lipad, dala dala’y liwanag (alitaptap) 2.​Nagtago si Pedro, litaw naman ang ulo (pako) Ang paghahambing ay ang pagtutulad sa katangian ng dalawang tao, bagay, lugar o pangyayari. Ginagamit sa paghahambing ang dalawang uri ng kaantasan ng pang-uri. 1.​Paghahambing na Magkatulad. Ginagamit ito kung ang pinaghahambing ay mayroong pareho o magkapantay na katangian. Ginagamit dito ang panlaping sing-, magkasing-, kasing-; mga salitang tulad, gaya, kapares at iba pang kauri nito. Halimbawa: