Period 7 1890-1945 Apush Notes

Period 7 1890-1945 Topic 7.1 Pg. 496 - Contextualizing Period 7 - - - - - - Americans switched to automobiles and airplanes. America fought in two world wars, experienced the Great Depression, and became a world leader. They became a leading industrial power. Economic Growth Development included the growth of large corporations and the repetition of economic booms and busts, culminating in the Great Depression. Stability and Democracy Two significant reform periods, the Progressives and the New Deal, occurred as people turned to the government to address economic instability. The government created the Federal Reserve to regulate banking and the business cycle. Social reforms included the right for women to vote. Responding to an Economic Crisis The Great Depression challenged laissez-faire economics. Democrats’ New Deal brought a limited welfare state to address unemployment, poverty among elderly, and help during economic hardships. Congress passed laws regulating banks and the stock market, beginning a minimum wage, creating Social Security, and protecting labor unions. The increasing role of the government to meet industrial problems created the ideology of American Liberalism. Conflicts in Culture and Society Popular culture grew with mass media. Value conflicts over morals, education, religion, and science sparked. Churches objected to evolution being taught in schools. Immigration growth and internal migration resulted in debates over national identity and the passage of restrictions on immigration. - - The Ku Klux Klan attacked African Americans, Roman Catholics, Jews, and immigrants. Shifts in Foreign Relations Conflicts over imperialism and two world wars brought a debate over America’s role in the world. People questioned commitment to national values of freedom, independence, and self-government due to the acquisition of new territories. Congress and voters rejected membership in the League of Nations, World War II put the U.S. in a leadership role. American embraced collective security and played a leading role in creating the United Nations. Topic 7.2 Pg. 498 - Imperialism: Debates - - - - - After the 1790s, the U.S. foreign policy focused on westward expansion, protecting U.S. interests abroad while limiting foreign influences in the Americas. America became interested in establishing bases and territories in the Caribbean Sea and across the Pacific Ocean. People debated over staying true to anti-colonial traditions or to join the competition for overseas territories. Expansion after the Civil War William H. Seward served as secretary of state under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. Seward was the most influential secretary of state since John Quincy Adams. During the Civil War, he helped prevent Great Britain and France from supporting the Confederacy. He drove to annex Midway Island in the Pacific, gained rights to build a canal in Nicaragua, and purchased Alaska. He failed to convince Congress to annex Hawaii and to purchase the Danish West Indies. The Purchase of Alaska Russia and Great Britain both claimed Alaska, with Russia establishing a small colony for seal hunting before the threat of a British takeover made it a burden. Russia found Seward to sell Alaska to. Congress bought Alaska for $7.2 million, but Americans saw no value in it and referred to it as “Seward's Folly”. Hawaiian Islands American missionaries and entrepreneurs settled in Hawaii. - - - - - - A U.S. commission explored the use of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Ulysses S. Grant sought control of Pearl Harbor and new trade treaties with the natives. Hawaiians agreed to the treaty, giving America rights to Hawaiian sugar. American Settlers aided in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarch, Queen Liliuokalani, and then petitioned for annexation by the United States. If Hawaii became American, their sugar would not be subject to high U.S. tariffs on imports. However, President Grover Cleveland opposed imperialism. The Era of “New Imperialism” Renewing interest in imperialism occurred as Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, and more gained control by arms and economic dominance. U.S. advocates of expansionism hoped to succeed through economic and diplomatic means without resorting to military action. People supported expansion for different reasons. Economic Interests The growing industries were strong supporters of expanding economic interests around the world. Other countries had raw materials of minerals, oil, and rubber, providing a market for products. Republicans were allied with business leaders and endorsed an imperialist foreign policy. Farmers were also eager to sell overseas, with the rooting populations of cities both nationally and internationally as markets for wheat, corn, and livestock. Political and Military Power Some believed that America needed to compete with imperialistic nations or it would be seen as a second-class power in affairs. Among these was U.S. Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, who shaped the debate over the need for naval bases in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History. He argued that strong navies were crucial to ambitions of securing foreign markets and in becoming a world power. Mahan’s book persuaded Congress to finance modern steel ships and encouraged the acquisition of overseas islands. Politicians Assistant Secretary of the Navy and later Theodor3 Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge were leading proponents in expanding naval power and influence in the world. Social Fears The Panic of 1893, violence of labor-management conflicts, and the perception that the country no longer had a frontier caused fear of increasing social turmoil. - - - - Overseas territories offered the country a safety valve for dissatisfied urban workers and farmers. Darwinism and Religion Some saw foreign expansion as an extension of the idea of Manifest Destiny, and applied Darwin’s concept of survival of the fittest to competition among countries. To demonstrate strength, Expansionists wanted to acquire territories. Josiah Strong wrote in Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crises about the duty Protestant Americans had to colonize other lands to spread Christianity and the benefits of their superior civilization. Missionaries who traveled to Africa, Asia, and the PAcific Islands believed in White racial superiority. Americans called for active U.S. involvement in foreign affairs to support these missionaries. Popular Press Newspapers and magazines increased circulation by printing adventure stories about exotic places. This increased public interest in world affairs. Opposition to Imperialism - Believed in self-determination, where the founding principles of the United States was that people should self-govern. Saw imperialism as morally wrong. - Rejected imperialism racial theories. However, many feared adding non white people to the country. - Supported isolationism as George Washington advised the country to avoid foreign affairs. - Opposed the expense of imperialism as large navies and controlling foreign territories would cost more than they were worth. - - Latin America The United States took a special interest in the problems of the Western Hemisphere and assumed themselves as protectors of Latin America from European ambitions. James G. Blaine played a role in extending this tradition. Pan-American Diplomacy Blaine’s efforts to establish closer ties between America and its southern neighbors started with the Pan-American Conference. Representatives from other nations created a permanent organization to promote trade and other issues. - - - - Blaine hoped to reduce tariff rates, but was not achieved. However, the foundation for a larger goal of hemispheric cooperation was established on both economic and political issues. Cleveland, Olney, and the Monroe Doctrine A use of the Monroe Doctrine was in the late 19th century during a boundary dispute between Venezuela and the British colony of Guiana. President Clevelabd and Secretary of State Richard Olney insisted that Great Britain should stop the dispute. If the British did not arbitrate, the United States would use military force. The British agreed. Arbitrators ruled in favor of Britain, but Latin-America appreciated U.S. efforts. The Venezuela boundary dispute was a turning point in the U.S.-British relations, as the two countries cultivated a friendship. Growing Conflict over Imperialism The Monroe Doctrine provided expansionists an invitation to interfere with the other nations. One political side was anti-colonial and self-government, while the other side expressed interests of economic and global power. Topic 7.3 Pg. 504 - The Spanish-American War and U.S. Foreign Policy to 1917 - American imperialism targeted Caribbean islands as investments in Cuban sugar, Spanish misrule, and the Monroe Doctrine provided reasons. For intervention. The Philippines also was connected to involvement. Spanish-American War - Americans were swept by a wave of jingoism, a form of nationalism calling for aggressive foreign policy. - Expansionists demanded for America to take its place with imperialist nations as a world power. - Presidents Cleveland and McKinley thought military action abroad was morally wrong and economically unsound. - However, events combined with background pressures led to overwhelming popular demand for war against Spain. - Causes of the War Jingoism, economic interests, and moral concerns made America willing to go to war. - - - - - - - Cuban Revolt Cuban nationalists failed to overthrow Spanish colonial rule. Through sabotage and attacks on Cuban plantations, they hoped to push Spain out or pull America as an ally. Spain sent autocratic General Valeriano Weyler and many troops to crush the revolt. Civilians were forced into camps, where thousands died of starvation and disease. Yellow Press “Yellow journalism” sensationalized reporting, featuring bold headlines of crime, disaster, and scandal. Examples were New York World and New York Journal. These papers exaggerated and falsified accounts of Spanish atrocities, causing Americans to urge Congress to intervene for humanitarian reasons. De Lome Letter (1898) A Spanish diplomat’s letter was leaked to the press, where it was critical of President Mckinley. People considered it as an official insult against the U.S. honor. Sinking of the Maine Battleship USS Maine was in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, when it exploded, killing 260 Americans on board. The Yellow Press accused Spain of blowing up the ship. McKinley’s War Message McKinley issued an ultimatum demanding for Spain to ceasefire in Cuba. Spain agreed, but the press and COngress clamored for war. McKinley yielded and sent a war message: Put an end to the barbarities in cuba. Protect the lives and property of U.S. citizens living in Cuba. End injury to the commerce of our people. End the menace to our peace from disorder in Cuba. Teller Amendment Congress passed a joint resolution authorizing war. The Teller Amendment declared that the United States had no intention of taking political control of Cuba, allowing them self governance once peace was restored. Fighting the War First shots were fired in Manila Bay. The U.S. victory was so swift it was called the “splendid little war”. - - The Philippines Theodore Roosevelt was an expansionist who wanted to show off the all-steel navy. He ordered a fleet commanded by Commodore George Dewey to the Philippines. The fleet fired on Spanish ships in Manila Bay. On land, U.S. troops captured the city of Manila with Filipino rebels. Invasion of Cuba An ill-prepared volunteer U.S. force landed in Cuba, Tropical diseases such as malaria, typhoid, and dysentery killed 5,000 soldiers. American and Cuban forces defeated the poorly led Spanish army. A cavalry charge up San Juan Hill by the Rough Riders led by Theodore Roosevelt obtained another victory with the help of veteran African Americans. The U,S. The Navy destroyed a Spanish fleet at Santiago Bay. Spain realized they could not continue fighting without a navy, and so asked for terms of peace. Annexation of Hawaii - Outbreak of war in the Philippines set the pretext to complete the annexation of Hawaii. - The Hawaiian islands became a U.S. territory. - - - Controversy over the Treaty of Peace The Paris peace treaty provided for recognition of Cuban independence, U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam. and U.S. control of the Philippines for $20 million. America accepted this provision, but many opposed taking over the Philippines as a colony. The Philippine Question Opinion with the Congress and the public became divided between imperialists and anti-imperialists. Anti-imperialists were determined to defeat the Treaty of Paris due to it allowing the provision of the Philippines. They argued that taking possession of a heavily populated territory violated the Declaration of Independence by depriving Filipinos of the right to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. Annexation would also bring America into the politics of Asia. The Treaty of Paris came to a vote and was approved. Filipinos were outraged that their independence was being denied by Anierica. Filipino nationalist Emilio Aguianldo fought alongside U.S. troops, but now led fighters in a war against U.S. control. 5,000 Americans and several thousand civilian Filipinos died mostly from disease. Other Results of the War - - - - - - - The American Anti-Imperialist League led by Wiliam Jennings Bryan rallied opposition against expansion. Insular Cases People questioned if the Constitution followed the flag. Bryan and other anti-imperialists argued in the affirmative, while imperialists disagreed. The issue was resolved in favor of the imperialists in the Insular (island) Cases. The Court ruled that constitutional rights were not extended to territorial possessions. Cuba and the Platt Amendment (1901) The Teller Amendment to the war resolution guaranteed U.S respect for Cuba’s sovereignty as an independent nation. However, U.S. troops remained in Cuba up until 1901. Congress withdrew the troops on a condition where Cuba would amend an army appropriations bill— the Platt Amendment, which was resented by Cuban nationalists. The Platt Amendment required Cuba to never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence, to permit the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs, and to allow the U.S. to maintain naval bases. As a result, the Cuban foreign policy would be subject to U.S. oversight and control. Election of 1900 Republicans renominated President McKinley, along with Theodore Roosevelt as vice president. Democrats nominated Wiliam Jennings Bryan, who argued for free silver and attacked American imperialism. Most voters accepted the fold standard and acquisition of new territory, and felt the economy was recovering. Recognition of U.S Power A consequence of the Spanish-American War was its effect on thoughts about U.S. power. The U.S. victory filled Americans with pride, causing Southerners to become more attached to the Union. France, Great Britain, and other Europeans recognized America as a first-class power with a strong navy and a willingness to act in international affairs. Open Door Policy in China Europeans were impressed by America’s global politics when John Hay implemented policies towards China. - - - - - - - - He was alarmed that the Chinese empire was falling under control of various outside powers. Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, and Germany established spheres of influence, and could dominate trade and investment within their sphere, To prevent the U.S. from losing access to the China trade, he dispatched a diplomatic note to nations controlling spheres of influence, asking them to accept the concept of an Open Door, where all nations would have equal trading in China. Replies were evasive, but since nobody rejected the concept, Hay declared they accepted the Open Door policy. Boxer Rebellion (1900) Nationalism and xenophobia were on the rise in China, The Society of Harmonious Fists, or Boxers, were a secret society of Chinese nationalists who attacked foreign settlements and murdered Christian missionaries. U.S. troops marched into Peking and crushed the rebellion of Boxers, China was forced to pay a huge indemnity, weakening the regime. Hay’s Second Round of Notes Hay feared expeditionary forces in China would occupy the country and destroy its independence. He wrote a second note to imperialistic powers stating that U,Sl commitment to preserve China's territorial integrity as well as safeguard equal trade. His notes and the Open Door policy would influence U.S. relations with Japan. Hay’s notes did not deter exploitation in the situation. Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Policy McKinley was shot by an anarchist. Theodore Roosevelt took his place. His motto was to “speak softly and carry a big stick”, and had an aggressive foreign policy. He acted boldly and decisively, attempting to build the United States as a world power. The Panama Canal The United States dug a canal through Central America to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in order to connect to their islands. The United States needed an agreement with the British to cancel the 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, which stated joint control of any Central American canal. This new agreement was called the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty. Revolution in Panama Colombia’s control of isthmus and refusal to agree to U.S. terms for digging the canal frustrated Roosevelt. - - - - - - - - Roosevelt orchestrated a revolt for Panama’s independence. With the support of the U.S. Navy, the rebellion succeeded almost without bloodshed. The new Panama government signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903, granting the U.S. rights to a Canal Zone. Building the Canal The Panama Canal was completed in 1914, with laborers losing their lives in the effort. Army colonels George Goethals and Dr. William Gorgas eliminated mosquitoes that spread yellow fever. Some Americans and many Latin Americans were unhappy with Roosevelt’s high-handed tactics to secure the Canal zone. Congress paid Colombia $25 million for its loss of Panama to compensate. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt became involved in Latin American nations that were in deep financial trouble with Europeans, with European warships being dispatched to force the country to pay. European powers stood ready to intervene in Santo Domingo. This was a violation of the Monroe Doctrine, and America would intervene whenever necessary. This became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. This allowed America to send gunboats to countries in debt and allowed for sailors to occupy the country’s major ports to manage the collection of taxes until European debts were satisfied. Presidents used the Roosevelt Corollary to justify sending forces into Haiti, Honduras, the DOminican Republic and Nicaragua. This led to poor relations with Latin America. Roosevelt and Asia Japan and America were both new imperialist powers in East Asia, with their relationship growing to become increasingly competitive. Russo-Japanese War Rivalry between Russia and Japan led to a war which Japan was winning. To stop the war, Roosevelt arranged a conference between the two at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Japan and Russia agreed to the Treaty of Portsmouth, but Japanese nationalists blamed America for not giving them all they “deserved" from Russia. “Gentlemen’s Agreement” A cause of friction between Japan and the U.S. were Californian laws that discriminated against Japanese Americans. San Francisco required Japanese American children to attend segregated schools.