Science 1st Quarter Reviewer

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ SCIENCE ​ 1st Quarter Reviewer —-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lesson 1: Circulatory System: ST .C A M PI O N Circulatory System - Deliver oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body. -​ Blood also collects Carbon Dioxide and Other waste gases to remove/expel. ❖​ Function: Transport blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the body. ❖​ Main Parts Of Circulatory System: ➔​ Heart: - The Main and Most important part of the circulatory system - Pumps blood or the machinery that makes blood move throughout the body. ➢​ 4 Chambers of the Heart: -​ Upper Chambers (Left and Righ Atrium) - Receive incoming blood from body or lungs. -​ Lower Chambers (Left and Right Ventricles) - Pumps blood into the arteries. ➔​ Blood: (RBC = 41%, WBC = 4%, Platelets = 4%, Plasma = 51%) - Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and carbon dioxide. - Composed of RBC & WBC Platelets ➢​ Plasma - Straw-colored liquid where components float in. Fluid part of the body and is composed of 90% water. (The water fills up the blood vessel which keeps blood and nutrients moving. If no water, blood will clump/solidify, leading it to not move) ➢​ Red Blood Cells/Erythrocates - Carry oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste hormones. Contains Hemoglobin (The reason why blood is red and oxygen attaches to it) ➢​ White Blood Cells/ Leokocytes - Function as the body’s defense team. It fights diseases and protects our body from infections. (Have enzymes that can kill bacteria) 1.​ Neutrophils - Kills bacteria and Fungi 2.​ Monocytes - Cleans up damaged cells 3.​ Lymphocytes - Help fight viruses and make antibiotics 4.​ Eosinophils - Kills parasites, and cancer cells, and are involved in allergic response 5.​ Basophils - Involved in allergic response PI O N ➢​ Platelets - Gather at the site of injury and help the clotting process. The smallest part of blood cells (It forms like a spider when active to travel to the wound). If a platelet count reaches 0, internal bleeding will occur. ➔​ Blood Vessel: Network of pathways through which blood travels throughout the body. ➢​ Artery - Carries blood away from the heart, thickest wall (Go Out the Heart) ➢​ Vein - Returns blood to the heart, less muscular and stretchy (Go In the Heart) ➢​ Capillary - Exchange of gas, nutrients, and hormones. Thinnest wall and found in different parts of the body (Not only in the alveoli) (Gas Exchange) ST .C A M ❖​ Blood Flow: Deoxygenated blood from our body will go to the right atrium and will go down to the right ventricle and will go out to the pulmonary artery/pulmonary semilunar value and will travel to the lungs and will be passed down to the capillary to release carbon and to be oxygenated. Oxygenated blood vessels will go to the left atrium and down to the left ventricle to go to the aorta to pump in the different parts of body. The cycle will repeat. ST .C A M PI O N ❖​ Blood Flow: ●​ Heart and Its Anatomy: ➔​ Atria: Upper Two Chambers, Receives and Collects Blood ➔​ Ventricle: Lower Two Chambers, Pumps blood to arteries ➔​ Septum: Middle of The Heart ➔​ Valve: Prevents backflow of the blood and keeps blood flowing in direction ●​ Two Types of Circulation: ➔​ Pulmonary: Heart > Lungs > Heart ➔​ Systemic: Heart > Body > Heart Lesson 2: Respiratory System: PI O N ●​ Respiratory System - Process of breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide. ➔​ Made up of: Lungs, Airways, (Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles), Diaphragm, Voicebox, Throat, Nose, and mouth. ➔​ Anatomy: Nose and Nasal Cavity, Mouth and Oral Cavity, Pharynx (Throat), Larynx (Voicebox), Trachea (Windpipe), Brochi (Large Airways), Lungs and Diaphragm. ●​ Respiration - Overall/Exchange of Gasses ●​ Upper Respiratory Tract: Brings air into the body and helps move it towards the lungs, and adds moisture to the air you breathe. ●​ Lower Respiratory Tract: A series of smaller tubes that transport air from upper respiratory tract to small air sacs (alveoli). A M ❖​ Phases: 1.​ Breathing/Ventilation - Act of taking air in (inspiration) and out of lungs (expiration) 2.​ External Respiration - Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood within the lungs. 3.​ Internal Respiration - Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the body cells. ST .C ❖​ How does Oxygen Travel? PI O N ❖​ Anatomy: ➔​ Pharynx/Trachea - Main passageway of air, connects nasal cavity and mouth to trachea. ➔​ Epiglottis - Prevents food from entering the trachea ➔​ Neck - Composed of two tubes, one for the lungs and one for the digestive ➔​ Alveoli - Where gas exchange occurs. Located at the end of the bronchioles. -​ Gas Exchange: The blood in the capillary will transfer carbon dioxide to the alveoli while the alveoli transfers oxygen to the blood vessel. Carbon dioxide enters the aiveoli in order for us to expel it. ➔​ Capillary - Smalles blood vessel, process of diffusion ➢​ Red Blood (Oxygenated), Blue Blood (Deoxygenated) Lesson 3: Parts of Chromosomes and Patterns of Non-Mendelian Inheritance: ST .C A M ●​ Parts of a Cell (Cell is the Basic Unit of Life) ➢​ Cell Membrane - Control what comes in and out ➢​ Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell ➢​ Ribosomes - Helps the cell with protein synthesis ➢​ Endoplasmi Reticulum - Carries the ribosome ➢​ Lysosomes - Where materials breakdown ➢​ Nucleus - Brain of the cell (Contains DNA Replication) ➢​ Nucleolus - Makes ribsomal subunits from protein ➢​ Golgi Bodies - Are secreting hormones ●​ Each unit of cell is an organelle. ​ ​ ●​ Parts of Chromosomes ➔​ 46 individual chromosomes and 23 pair ➔​ Chromosome is found inside the nucleus ➔​ A chromosome is long DNA molecule ➢​ P Arm - Shortest Arm ➢​ Q Arm - Longest Arm ➢​ Centromere - Attachment to Spindle Fiber ➢​ Telomers ●​ Where are Genes Located? -​ Genes are unit inheritance -​ Segment of DNA -​ Genes are carried on Chromosomes Blood Type Genotype Heterozygous A IA, IA IA, i B IB, IB IB, i PI O N Homozygous IA, IB AB ii Male: ​ x , y - Normal ​ xC, y - Affected A ❖​ Sex Linked Traits: Female: x , x - Normal ​ xC, x - Carrier ​ xC, xC - Affected M O ST .C ❖​ Punnet Square: - Every box is equal to 25% - Dominant (Big Letter) Stronger Traits - Recessive (Small Letter) Weak Traits - Genotype is the coding or letters - Phenotype is the physical traits Lesson 4: Biodiversity: ●​ 1.​ 2.​ 3.​ 4.​ ●​ ●​ Biodiversity “Biological Diversity” - Different organisms and habitat Genetic Diversity - Difference in genetic composition (Genes) Species Diversity - Different kinds of organisms Ecosystem Diversity - Different kinds of places where organisms live Functional Diversity - Biological and chemical processes in interaction Species - Have same distinct characteristics Community - Interacting group of various species ●​ Extinct - Total disappearance ●​ Endangered - Limited species PI O N ❖​ Causes of Extinction: 1.​ Natural Cause - Global Warming, Asteroid Impact, Diseases, Volcanic Eruption 2.​ Human Cause - Deforestation, Pollution, Overuse of Resources, Over trafficking ST .C A M —---------------------------------------Creds: Zyra Usman